WEBVTT

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We're <00:00:04.760>making <00:00:05.020>something <00:00:05.720>that's <00:00:05.960>called <00:00:06.200>a <00:00:06.600>thermopoltaic <00:00:07.460>device.

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It's <00:00:08.580>an <00:00:08.660>alternative <00:00:08.940>way <00:00:09.160>to <00:00:09.240>make <00:00:09.380>power <00:00:09.720>that <00:00:09.880>doesn't <00:00:10.120>use <00:00:10.420>steam <00:00:10.900>or <00:00:11.080>turbines.

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It <00:00:12.240>uses <00:00:12.560>the <00:00:12.740>fact <00:00:12.960>that <00:00:13.180>you <00:00:13.940>can <00:00:14.160>shape <00:00:14.800>and <00:00:15.060>scale <00:00:15.500>the <00:00:15.720>amount <00:00:15.940>of <00:00:16.140>energy <00:00:16.520>that <00:00:16.700>comes

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out <00:00:17.220>of <00:00:17.320>a <00:00:17.440>flame <00:00:17.800>uh <00:00:17.800>as <00:00:19.160>light <00:00:19.500>and <00:00:19.940>tune <00:00:20.440>the <00:00:21.480>PV <00:00:21.860>cells <00:00:22.240>that <00:00:22.460>can <00:00:22.640>absorb <00:00:22.920>that

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light <00:00:23.420>uh <00:00:23.420>and <00:00:24.200>turn <00:00:24.360>it <00:00:24.500>into <00:00:24.680>electricity. <00:00:25.540>And <00:00:25.880>so <00:00:25.960>people <00:00:26.140>always <00:00:26.400>ask, <00:00:26.820>you <00:00:26.880>know, <00:00:27.020>how <00:00:27.120>does

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this <00:00:27.420>scale? <00:00:27.960>you <00:00:28.020>know, <00:00:28.140>does <00:00:28.260>it <00:00:28.360>work <00:00:28.540>well <00:00:28.880>when <00:00:29.280>it <00:00:30.000>is <00:00:30.160>really <00:00:30.360>small?

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Does <00:00:31.520>it <00:00:31.600>work <00:00:31.760>well <00:00:31.980>when <00:00:32.360>it's <00:00:32.540>really <00:00:32.720>big? <00:00:33.340>And <00:00:33.760>the <00:00:33.860>crazy <00:00:34.100>thing <00:00:34.300>about <00:00:34.520>it <00:00:34.720>is <00:00:34.880>it

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seems <00:00:35.360>that <00:00:35.580>the <00:00:37.220>the <00:00:37.740>physics <00:00:38.140>does <00:00:38.460>scale <00:00:39.040>across <00:00:39.500>like <00:00:39.880>all <00:00:40.780>the <00:00:40.920>way <00:00:41.080>down <00:00:41.280>from <00:00:41.520>a <00:00:41.640>single

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sodium <00:00:42.240>atom <00:00:42.600>to <00:00:43.400>uh <00:00:43.400>imaginable <00:00:44.700>Dyson <00:00:45.260>sphere <00:00:45.700>around <00:00:46.520>Sagittarius <00:00:47.420>uh <00:00:47.420>a <00:00:48.400>the <00:00:48.560>super <00:00:48.900>massive

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black <00:00:49.900>hole <00:00:50.240>in <00:00:50.540>the <00:00:50.640>center <00:00:50.780>of <00:00:50.900>our <00:00:51.000>galaxy. <00:00:51.620>So <00:00:52.140>how <00:00:52.420>does <00:00:52.560>this <00:00:52.700>work?

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Um <00:00:52.960>so <00:00:54.260>basically <00:00:54.600>uh <00:00:54.780>I <00:00:54.960>I <00:00:56.060>say <00:00:56.560>that <00:00:57.140>uh <00:00:57.140>you <00:00:58.120>can <00:00:58.240>define <00:00:58.640>a <00:00:58.920>Dyson <00:00:59.180>sphere <00:00:59.540>as

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like <00:00:59.840>you <00:00:59.940>have <00:01:00.020>a <00:01:00.120>luminous <00:01:00.520>object <00:01:00.900>that <00:01:01.160>has <00:01:01.380>energy <00:01:01.740>that <00:01:02.380>is <00:01:02.740>that <00:01:02.940>is <00:01:03.180>surrounded <00:01:04.220>by

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hopefully <00:01:04.980>an <00:01:05.780>insulated <00:01:06.380>set <00:01:06.740>of <00:01:07.120>solar <00:01:07.680>cells <00:01:08.100>or <00:01:08.100>or <00:01:08.360>a <00:01:08.360>PV <00:01:08.880>cells <00:01:09.380>that <00:01:09.940>photovoltaic <00:01:10.860>cells

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rather <00:01:11.420>that <00:01:12.160>convert <00:01:12.620>that <00:01:13.100>light <00:01:13.360>energy <00:01:13.780>into <00:01:14.340>useful <00:01:14.840>electricity <00:01:15.320>so <00:01:15.500>you <00:01:15.580>can <00:01:15.720>do <00:01:15.840>work

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and <00:01:18.660>you <00:01:19.120>start <00:01:19.420>with <00:01:19.640>the <00:01:19.800>atom. <00:01:20.380>So, <00:01:20.700>this <00:01:21.020>is <00:01:21.180>actually <00:01:21.540>a <00:01:21.900>uh <00:01:21.900>real <00:01:23.140>time <00:01:23.440>Schrodinger

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evolved. <00:01:24.840>Let <00:01:25.040>me <00:01:25.040>see <00:01:25.180>if <00:01:25.300>I <00:01:25.420>where's <00:01:25.880>my <00:01:26.080>where's <00:01:26.500>my <00:01:26.620>cursor?

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There <00:01:27.380>it <00:01:27.480>is. <00:01:27.840>All <00:01:27.880>right. <00:01:28.800>This <00:01:29.020>is <00:01:29.160>actually <00:01:29.440>a <00:01:29.600>real <00:01:29.780>time <00:01:30.080>uh <00:01:30.080>Schroinger <00:01:31.080>equation <00:01:31.660>for <00:01:32.400>the

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sodium <00:01:32.880>atom. <00:01:33.300>And <00:01:33.680>it's <00:01:33.940>basically <00:01:34.380>I <00:01:34.380>had <00:01:34.900>never <00:01:35.080>seen <00:01:35.340>this.

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This <00:01:35.760>was <00:01:35.900>not <00:01:36.180>this <00:01:36.440>was <00:01:36.620>not <00:01:36.760>available <00:01:37.060>when <00:01:37.280>I <00:01:37.380>was <00:01:37.520>a <00:01:37.600>physicist <00:01:37.900>physics <00:01:38.400>student.

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Um <00:01:39.420>but <00:01:39.880>uh <00:01:39.880>it's <00:01:40.600>running <00:01:40.740>in <00:01:40.880>the <00:01:40.880>browser. <00:01:41.580>It <00:01:42.040>can <00:01:42.160>work <00:01:42.340>in <00:01:42.440>your <00:01:42.540>phone.

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Uh <00:01:42.780>all <00:01:43.920>this <00:01:44.160>stuff <00:01:44.420>is <00:01:44.560>going <00:01:44.640>to <00:01:44.680>be <00:01:44.780>up <00:01:44.920>on <00:01:45.100>Dyson <00:01:45.500>Sphere.

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FYI <00:01:46.940>fyi. <00:01:47.780>Um <00:01:50.040>and <00:01:50.640>uh <00:01:50.640>basically <00:01:51.300>sodium <00:01:51.840>and <00:01:52.340>all <00:01:52.560>the <00:01:52.700>alkali <00:01:53.060>atoms <00:01:53.440>are <00:01:53.980>special <00:01:54.720>because

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they <00:01:55.360>have <00:01:55.660>essentially <00:01:56.500>they've <00:01:56.960>got <00:01:57.040>a <00:01:57.160>full <00:01:57.460>shell <00:01:57.900>uh <00:01:57.900>and <00:01:59.360>the <00:01:59.500>nucleus <00:01:59.880>and <00:02:00.120>that's <00:02:00.340>all

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tight <00:02:00.740>together <00:02:01.080>and <00:02:01.340>doesn't <00:02:01.580>interact <00:02:01.920>much <00:02:02.420>you <00:02:02.500>know <00:02:03.020>full <00:02:03.260>molecule <00:02:03.760>and <00:02:04.340>then <00:02:04.500>on <00:02:04.660>the

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outside <00:02:05.360>you <00:02:05.420>have <00:02:05.640>an <00:02:05.780>easily <00:02:06.220>excited <00:02:06.920>I <00:02:07.180>like <00:02:07.320>to <00:02:07.420>call <00:02:07.600>it <00:02:07.720>an <00:02:08.160>incel <00:02:08.340>electron <00:02:08.920>which <00:02:09.260>can

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easily <00:02:09.740>be <00:02:09.960>knocked <00:02:10.240>around <00:02:12.740>and <00:02:13.340>it <00:02:13.440>turns <00:02:13.640>out <00:02:13.940>they're <00:02:14.720>rather <00:02:14.900>single-minded <00:02:15.840>so <00:02:15.900>they <00:02:16.200>can

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very <00:02:16.580>rapidly <00:02:17.340>um <00:02:18.180>they <00:02:18.680>basically <00:02:19.020>work <00:02:19.260>as <00:02:19.400>a <00:02:19.500>dipole.

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The <00:02:20.140>electron <00:02:20.440>moves <00:02:20.740>back <00:02:21.000>and <00:02:21.140>forth <00:02:21.440>and <00:02:21.960>then <00:02:22.120>u <00:02:22.120>and <00:02:22.720>then <00:02:23.260>the <00:02:23.340>much <00:02:23.560>heavier <00:02:23.920>nucleus <00:02:24.400>with

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all <00:02:24.760>the <00:02:25.220>cells <00:02:25.540>has <00:02:25.960>an <00:02:26.100>opposite <00:02:26.360>charge <00:02:26.940>and <00:02:26.960>so <00:02:27.000>it <00:02:27.080>moves <00:02:27.280>back <00:02:27.500>and <00:02:27.620>forth <00:02:28.020>and <00:02:28.500>not

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only <00:02:28.980>is <00:02:29.760>it <00:02:29.900>an <00:02:29.900>extremely <00:02:30.300>strong <00:02:30.740>and <00:02:30.900>so <00:02:31.000>it <00:02:31.080>emits <00:02:31.240>this <00:02:31.380>incredibly <00:02:31.720>bright <00:02:31.980>yellow <00:02:32.240>light

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yellow <00:02:33.220>jacket <00:02:33.760>yellow <00:02:33.940>light. <00:02:34.300>This <00:02:34.360>is <00:02:34.440>this <00:02:34.560>yellow <00:02:34.860>uh <00:02:34.860>sodium <00:02:36.060>discharge.

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Uh <00:02:38.080>it <00:02:38.580>also <00:02:38.880>they <00:02:38.880>they <00:02:39.340>work <00:02:39.840>together. <00:02:40.120>So <00:02:40.660>we <00:02:41.080>think <00:02:41.280>that <00:02:41.420>this <00:02:41.560>is <00:02:41.700>actually <00:02:41.920>pushing <00:02:42.220>into

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what's <00:02:43.160>extremely <00:02:43.520>interesting <00:02:43.940>for <00:02:44.180>me. <00:02:44.480>Um <00:02:45.420>you <00:02:45.980>know <00:02:46.100>people <00:02:46.240>are <00:02:46.380>like <00:02:46.560>oh <00:02:46.680>a <00:02:46.800>lot <00:02:46.860>of

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quantum <00:02:47.300>things <00:02:47.760>require <00:02:48.380>low <00:02:48.560>temperature. <00:02:49.520>Uh <00:02:50.540>so <00:02:51.100>some <00:02:51.660>of <00:02:51.740>the <00:02:51.800>there <00:02:52.380>were <00:02:52.480>a <00:02:52.540>bunch <00:02:52.640>of

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Nobel <00:02:52.880>prizes <00:02:53.320>won <00:02:54.140>for <00:02:54.340>Bose <00:02:54.600>Einstein <00:02:54.920>con <00:02:55.940>condensates <00:02:55.940>is <00:02:56.100>extremely <00:02:56.460>low <00:02:56.680>temperature <00:02:57.080>um

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which <00:02:58.840>used <00:02:59.180>this <00:02:59.540>kind <00:02:59.860>of <00:03:00.180>atom <00:03:01.280>an <00:03:01.440>alkali <00:03:01.820>atom <00:03:02.040>and <00:03:02.220>particularly <00:03:02.540>sodium <00:03:03.180>uh <00:03:03.180>in <00:03:04.040>order <00:03:04.280>to

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show <00:03:04.840>that <00:03:04.980>there's <00:03:05.180>collective <00:03:05.520>effects. <00:03:05.980>And <00:03:06.540>this <00:03:06.740>is <00:03:06.880>the <00:03:07.200>same <00:03:07.440>as <00:03:07.700>two <00:03:07.940>subwoofers <00:03:08.640>that

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are <00:03:09.040>in <00:03:09.040>a <00:03:09.040>in <00:03:09.200>a <00:03:09.680>building <00:03:10.060>in <00:03:11.220>phase <00:03:11.700>with <00:03:11.920>each <00:03:12.100>other.

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They <00:03:12.420>couple <00:03:12.760>together <00:03:13.120>and <00:03:13.560>they <00:03:13.800>they <00:03:14.100>they <00:03:14.340>output <00:03:14.660>more <00:03:14.920>power <00:03:15.500>and <00:03:15.620>there's <00:03:15.980>a <00:03:16.120>it's <00:03:16.640>not

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quite <00:03:17.060>lazing, <00:03:17.600>but <00:03:17.680>it's <00:03:17.820>something <00:03:17.980>called <00:03:18.260>super <00:03:18.640>radiance, <00:03:19.320>super <00:03:19.500>absorption <00:03:19.860>and <00:03:20.100>super

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transfer <00:03:20.740>that <00:03:20.980>ends <00:03:21.180>up <00:03:21.340>dominating <00:03:21.740>the <00:03:22.020>radiation.

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Anyway, <00:03:23.380>it's <00:03:23.720>getting <00:03:23.900>a <00:03:24.020>little <00:03:24.120>complicated.

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The <00:03:24.880>point <00:03:25.400>being, <00:03:25.840>the <00:03:26.260>sodium <00:03:26.640>atom <00:03:26.980>is <00:03:27.260>incredibly <00:03:27.760>bright.

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If <00:03:28.280>you <00:03:28.360>calculate <00:03:28.760>out <00:03:29.020>just <00:03:29.320>how <00:03:29.580>much <00:03:29.840>energy <00:03:30.340>once <00:03:30.960>you've <00:03:31.260>excited <00:03:31.560>it, <00:03:32.140>the <00:03:32.540>rate <00:03:32.880>of <00:03:33.020>power

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that <00:03:33.520>it <00:03:33.600>can <00:03:33.760>that <00:03:33.980>it <00:03:34.140>can <00:03:34.260>put <00:03:34.380>out, <00:03:34.700>it's <00:03:35.360>extreme.

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Like <00:03:36.200>you <00:03:36.340>can <00:03:36.480>end <00:03:36.620>up <00:03:36.720>with <00:03:36.900>megawws <00:03:37.580>in <00:03:37.780>a <00:03:37.860>liter.

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And <00:03:39.020>but <00:03:39.440>what <00:03:39.620>happens <00:03:39.960>is <00:03:40.260>it <00:03:40.460>doesn't <00:03:40.740>just <00:03:40.940>go <00:03:41.520>straight <00:03:41.860>out.

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It <00:03:42.300>also <00:03:42.580>absorbs. <00:03:43.080>It <00:03:43.400>has <00:03:43.800>a <00:03:43.900>high <00:03:44.080>resonance.

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It's <00:03:44.460>like <00:03:44.760>a <00:03:44.900>really <00:03:45.500>really <00:03:45.860>really <00:03:46.040>imagine <00:03:46.600>the <00:03:46.840>best <00:03:47.140>possible <00:03:47.620>acoustic <00:03:48.040>resonator <00:03:48.560>that

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might <00:03:48.940>have <00:03:49.100>a <00:03:49.220>Q <00:03:49.380>factor <00:03:49.720>of <00:03:49.920>like <00:03:50.140>20. <00:03:50.840>This <00:03:51.320>has <00:03:51.500>a <00:03:51.600>Q <00:03:51.720>factor <00:03:52.020>of <00:03:52.220>thousands <00:03:52.620>and

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thousands. <00:03:53.180>So <00:03:53.840>it <00:03:53.840>it <00:03:54.120>it <00:03:54.400>also <00:03:54.760>absorbs. <00:03:55.380>So <00:03:55.440>the <00:03:55.540>radiation <00:03:55.900>is <00:03:56.140>trapped <00:03:56.940>and <00:03:57.540>so <00:03:57.900>the

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question <00:03:58.640>is <00:03:58.960>how <00:03:59.020>does <00:03:59.180>it <00:03:59.300>scale? <00:03:59.800>Does <00:04:00.180>it <00:04:00.320>scale <00:04:00.620>in <00:04:00.800>a <00:04:00.860>way <00:04:01.000>that <00:04:01.160>is <00:04:01.280>good?

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So <00:04:01.820>um <00:04:01.820>starting <00:04:03.500>from <00:04:03.700>the <00:04:03.820>sodium <00:04:04.120>atom <00:04:04.620>we <00:04:04.960>can <00:04:05.420>scale <00:04:06.540>to <00:04:06.940>what <00:04:08.180>we've <00:04:08.400>done <00:04:09.620>in <00:04:10.220>the

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lab. <00:04:10.920>So <00:04:11.080>um <00:04:11.080>this <00:04:12.260>is <00:04:12.680>a <00:04:13.860>the <00:04:14.440>world's <00:04:14.800>highest <00:04:15.360>temperature <00:04:15.920>type <00:04:16.220>heat <00:04:16.460>exchanger.

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Uh <00:04:16.920>and <00:04:17.680>we've <00:04:17.900>developed <00:04:18.180>it. <00:04:18.620>It <00:04:19.080>uses <00:04:19.500>ceramic <00:04:20.240>that <00:04:20.720>is <00:04:20.860>3D <00:04:21.200>printed <00:04:21.560>in <00:04:22.080>a <00:04:22.200>kind <00:04:22.360>of

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a <00:04:22.540>a <00:04:23.680>photo <00:04:23.920>resin <00:04:24.300>that <00:04:25.000>uh <00:04:25.000>you <00:04:26.540>make <00:04:26.840>into <00:04:27.220>this <00:04:27.600>kind <00:04:27.780>of <00:04:27.900>compound <00:04:28.520>arch <00:04:28.960>shape.

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It's <00:04:29.800>called <00:04:29.920>a <00:04:30.040>triply <00:04:30.280>periodic <00:04:30.720>minimal <00:04:30.980>surface.

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And <00:04:32.100>what <00:04:32.260>that <00:04:32.440>means <00:04:32.700>is <00:04:32.960>because <00:04:33.120>it <00:04:33.260>has <00:04:33.380>all <00:04:33.540>this <00:04:33.720>curvature, <00:04:34.300>it's <00:04:34.680>able <00:04:34.840>to <00:04:34.980>maintain <00:04:35.360>the

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incredible <00:04:36.180>temperature <00:04:36.660>differences <00:04:37.160>across <00:04:38.120>um <00:04:38.580>you <00:04:39.020>know <00:04:39.160>from <00:04:39.300>from <00:04:39.540>here <00:04:39.940>where <00:04:40.220>it's <00:04:40.480>air

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coming <00:04:41.560>in <00:04:41.920>less <00:04:42.460>than <00:04:42.600>100° <00:04:43.260>to <00:04:44.140>over <00:04:44.520>here <00:04:44.800>where <00:04:44.960>the <00:04:45.160>exhaust <00:04:45.480>is <00:04:45.680>coming <00:04:45.900>out <00:04:46.180>where <00:04:46.260>it's

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it's <00:04:46.700>it's <00:04:47.320>nearly <00:04:47.840>1400° <00:04:48.920>the <00:04:48.940>boiling <00:04:49.260>point <00:04:49.540>of <00:04:49.700>salt <00:04:50.040>and <00:04:50.560>salt <00:04:50.960>is <00:04:51.220>how <00:04:51.340>we <00:04:51.480>get <00:04:51.640>this

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the <00:04:52.200>the <00:04:52.580>sodium <00:04:52.860>in. <00:04:53.080>So <00:04:53.340>it's <00:04:53.940>actually <00:04:54.160>in <00:04:54.280>a <00:04:54.360>chemical <00:04:54.660>loop.

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So <00:04:55.660>it <00:04:55.760>goes <00:04:56.060>um <00:04:58.060>salt <00:04:58.660>first <00:04:58.940>becomes <00:04:59.400>mo <00:04:59.700>molten <00:05:00.200>and <00:05:00.800>then <00:05:00.920>it <00:05:01.060>has <00:05:01.420>a <00:05:01.540>high <00:05:01.840>surface

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tension <00:05:02.560>and <00:05:02.720>it <00:05:02.840>wicks <00:05:03.040>around <00:05:03.280>all <00:05:03.580>of <00:05:03.760>the <00:05:03.980>surfaces <00:05:04.680>including <00:05:04.940>uh <00:05:04.940>the <00:05:07.120>tube <00:05:07.500>um <00:05:07.500>and

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including <00:05:08.580>all <00:05:08.940>of <00:05:09.100>the <00:05:09.200>different <00:05:09.500>uh <00:05:09.500>surfaces <00:05:10.440>inside <00:05:10.980>the <00:05:11.220>heat <00:05:11.380>exchanger <00:05:12.000>and <00:05:12.480>that

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allows <00:05:13.820>it <00:05:14.000>to <00:05:14.160>be <00:05:14.520>continuously <00:05:15.160>refreshed <00:05:15.760>and <00:05:16.040>act <00:05:16.200>as <00:05:16.340>a <00:05:16.420>resonator <00:05:16.800>while <00:05:16.980>not <00:05:17.200>being

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itself <00:05:17.860>consumed. <00:05:18.420>And <00:05:19.220>the <00:05:19.320>reason <00:05:19.520>this <00:05:19.700>works <00:05:19.940>is <00:05:20.140>because <00:05:20.480>the <00:05:21.060>sodium <00:05:21.400>chloride <00:05:21.820>has <00:05:22.240>the

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strongest <00:05:22.780>bond. <00:05:23.380>It's <00:05:23.700>the <00:05:23.780>strongest <00:05:24.040>bond <00:05:24.280>energy <00:05:24.520>because <00:05:24.740>the <00:05:25.000>one's <00:05:25.180>on <00:05:25.260>the <00:05:25.380>left <00:05:25.580>side

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of <00:05:25.900>the <00:05:25.940>periodic <00:05:26.240>table, <00:05:26.680>one's <00:05:27.000>on <00:05:27.100>the <00:05:27.180>right <00:05:27.320>side <00:05:27.480>of <00:05:27.600>the <00:05:27.660>periodic <00:05:27.960>table.

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This <00:05:28.720>one's <00:05:28.940>an <00:05:29.020>extreme <00:05:29.440>in <00:05:29.660>cell. <00:05:30.020>This <00:05:30.100>one's <00:05:30.360>extremely <00:05:30.820>well, <00:05:31.980>the <00:05:32.280>molecule <00:05:32.760>needs

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another <00:05:33.300>member, <00:05:33.640>and <00:05:34.060>they <00:05:34.320>connect. <00:05:36.160>I <00:05:36.640>They <00:05:37.120>should <00:05:37.280>teach <00:05:37.480>chemistry <00:05:37.820>this <00:05:38.040>way.

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Anyway, <00:05:38.460>um <00:05:40.700>so, <00:05:41.200>uh <00:05:41.200>what <00:05:41.700>that <00:05:41.880>allows <00:05:42.140>you <00:05:42.320>to <00:05:42.440>do <00:05:42.700>is <00:05:43.000>convert <00:05:43.420>almost <00:05:43.840>all <00:05:44.120>of <00:05:44.280>the

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energy <00:05:44.760>into <00:05:45.460>this <00:05:46.120>single <00:05:47.180>uh <00:05:47.180>wavelength, <00:05:49.140>almost <00:05:49.700>this <00:05:49.900>single <00:05:50.140>wave.

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And <00:05:51.340>what <00:05:51.540>you <00:05:51.660>get <00:05:52.040>is <00:05:52.880>if <00:05:53.380>you <00:05:53.460>can <00:05:53.560>compare <00:05:53.860>it.

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So <00:05:54.380>this <00:05:54.560>is <00:05:54.680>wavelength <00:05:55.000>and <00:05:55.940>this <00:05:56.240>is <00:05:56.360>the <00:05:56.460>amount <00:05:56.600>of <00:05:56.720>energy <00:05:57.060>uh <00:05:57.060>per <00:05:58.100>and <00:05:58.580>this <00:05:58.720>is

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a <00:05:58.940>log <00:05:59.100>chart. <00:05:59.280>So <00:05:59.780>almost <00:06:00.040>all <00:06:00.340>of <00:06:00.480>the <00:06:00.580>energy <00:06:00.820>is <00:06:01.000>showing <00:06:01.280>up <00:06:01.580>uh <00:06:01.580>right <00:06:02.900>here.

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It's <00:06:04.300>actually <00:06:04.600>um <00:06:04.600>this <00:06:05.720>is <00:06:05.900>actually <00:06:06.240>uh <00:06:06.240>measured <00:06:07.960>uh <00:06:07.960>from <00:06:08.940>from <00:06:09.300>our <00:06:09.480>system.

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Um <00:06:10.540>and <00:06:12.560>the <00:06:13.120>there <00:06:13.680>are <00:06:13.820>two <00:06:14.000>kinds <00:06:14.280>of <00:06:14.420>silicon <00:06:14.700>cells <00:06:15.020>plotted <00:06:15.280>here.

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This <00:06:16.300>is <00:06:16.400>the <00:06:16.500>internal <00:06:16.700>quantum <00:06:16.960>efficiency <00:06:17.380>of <00:06:17.600>a <00:06:17.700>silicon <00:06:17.960>cell.

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And <00:06:18.980>this <00:06:19.220>is <00:06:19.420>internal <00:06:20.040>quantum <00:06:20.320>efficiency <00:06:20.740>of <00:06:21.260>indium <00:06:21.640>gallium <00:06:22.000>phosphide, <00:06:22.780>which <00:06:23.220>is <00:06:23.480>the

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the <00:06:23.740>highest <00:06:24.440>efficiency <00:06:24.840>cell <00:06:25.180>to <00:06:25.340>match <00:06:25.620>that <00:06:25.860>yellow.

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And <00:06:27.320>as <00:06:27.880>you <00:06:28.000>can <00:06:28.140>see, <00:06:28.780>we're <00:06:29.440>much <00:06:29.880>closer. <00:06:30.300>So, <00:06:30.480>so <00:06:30.560>the <00:06:30.800>way <00:06:30.900>that <00:06:31.020>solar <00:06:31.340>cells <00:06:31.600>work

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is <00:06:32.120>um <00:06:32.120>it's <00:06:33.480>called <00:06:33.600>the <00:06:33.700>photoelectric <00:06:34.200>effect.

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Not <00:06:35.220>the <00:06:35.340>only <00:06:35.500>thing <00:06:35.660>Einstein <00:06:35.980>won <00:06:36.200>the <00:06:36.300>Nobel <00:06:36.460>Prize <00:06:36.780>for, <00:06:37.200>but <00:06:37.580>sure.

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Oh, <00:06:39.160>sorry. <00:06:41.640>Okay. <00:06:42.520>Sure. <00:06:43.080>Uh <00:06:43.240>little <00:06:43.640>closer.

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Hopefully <00:06:45.500>some <00:06:46.060>of <00:06:46.220>the <00:06:46.380>earlier <00:06:46.680>can <00:06:46.880>be <00:06:47.000>fixed <00:06:47.260>in <00:06:47.380>post.

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Um <00:06:48.620>so <00:06:49.320>the <00:06:49.920>amount <00:06:50.220>of <00:06:50.380>energy <00:06:50.760>um <00:06:50.760>that <00:06:52.600>light <00:06:52.980>transfers <00:06:53.500>comes <00:06:54.080>in <00:06:54.240>discrete <00:06:54.540>packets

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quantum <00:06:55.300>mechanics <00:06:55.780>photons. <00:06:56.100>Uh <00:06:56.660>if <00:06:57.260>you <00:06:57.400>have <00:06:57.660>more <00:06:58.040>energy <00:06:58.520>than <00:06:59.220>what's <00:06:59.940>called <00:07:00.080>the <00:07:00.220>band

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gap <00:07:00.740>of <00:07:00.960>a <00:07:01.060>PB <00:07:01.320>cell <00:07:01.860>that <00:07:02.200>extra <00:07:02.460>energy <00:07:02.740>is <00:07:02.880>wasted.

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If <00:07:03.740>you <00:07:03.800>have <00:07:03.940>less <00:07:04.240>energy <00:07:05.060>then <00:07:06.440>it <00:07:07.040>can't <00:07:07.320>absorb <00:07:07.540>it <00:07:07.700>at <00:07:07.840>all.

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So <00:07:08.720>ideally <00:07:09.240>you <00:07:09.480>want <00:07:09.700>your <00:07:09.920>PV <00:07:10.300>cells <00:07:10.800>to <00:07:11.120>have <00:07:11.340>a <00:07:11.500>band <00:07:11.800>gap <00:07:12.100>that <00:07:12.500>is <00:07:12.620>like <00:07:12.800>just

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underneath <00:07:13.780>the <00:07:14.860>uh <00:07:14.860>exhausted <00:07:15.920>power <00:07:16.660>and <00:07:16.720>that's <00:07:17.020>that's <00:07:17.360>here.

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So <00:07:17.660>this <00:07:17.820>is <00:07:17.960>a <00:07:18.120>much <00:07:18.440>better <00:07:18.700>light <00:07:18.980>source <00:07:19.280>than <00:07:19.500>just <00:07:19.720>a <00:07:19.720>sing <00:07:19.720>a <00:07:19.880>sun.

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So <00:07:21.740>as <00:07:22.600>we <00:07:22.760>scale <00:07:23.300>the <00:07:23.580>system <00:07:24.360>however <00:07:25.240>we <00:07:25.820>can <00:07:26.020>actually <00:07:26.360>change <00:07:27.240>it.

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It's <00:07:28.760>a <00:07:29.440>little <00:07:29.600>fiddly <00:07:30.340>here. <00:07:30.860>We <00:07:31.300>can <00:07:31.460>actually <00:07:31.760>change <00:07:32.140>it <00:07:32.640>and <00:07:32.720>as <00:07:33.100>uh <00:07:33.100>hopefully <00:07:34.020>this

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works. <00:07:34.620>Uh <00:07:34.920>so <00:07:36.980>is <00:07:37.500>it <00:07:37.640>changing? <00:07:38.120>No, <00:07:38.460>it's <00:07:38.540>not.

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All <00:07:39.020>right. <00:07:39.580>Unfortunately, <00:07:40.040>uh <00:07:40.520>my <00:07:41.080>claude <00:07:41.440>must <00:07:41.640>have <00:07:41.840>busted <00:07:42.480>this.

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Uh <00:07:42.840>immediately <00:07:44.560>before, <00:07:45.000>uh <00:07:45.660>the <00:07:46.060>fable <00:07:46.400>was <00:07:46.580>so <00:07:46.720>great.

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Anyway, <00:07:47.200>uh <00:07:47.580>so <00:07:50.160>all <00:07:50.680>right. <00:07:51.040>So, <00:07:52.120>so <00:07:52.640>what <00:07:52.860>is <00:07:53.340>yeah <00:07:53.620>set <00:07:53.920>back <00:07:54.340>we <00:07:54.860>have <00:07:55.000>setback <00:07:55.360>science

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by <00:07:55.820>one <00:07:56.040>week. <00:07:56.300>Uh <00:07:56.300>so <00:07:58.200>um <00:07:59.040>what <00:07:59.060>happens <00:07:59.520>when <00:08:00.200>you <00:08:00.700>have <00:08:01.200>an <00:08:01.480>increasing <00:08:02.040>amount <00:08:02.360>of <00:08:02.520>power

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is <00:08:03.500>because <00:08:03.780>of <00:08:03.980>this <00:08:04.160>trapping <00:08:04.800>you <00:08:05.020>get <00:08:05.140>an <00:08:05.280>increased <00:08:05.820>amount <00:08:06.660>of <00:08:07.380>energy <00:08:08.220>in <00:08:08.640>the <00:08:08.820>excited

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states. <00:08:09.660>And <00:08:10.400>those <00:08:10.820>excited <00:08:11.240>states <00:08:11.720>uh <00:08:11.720>can <00:08:13.040>still <00:08:13.340>leak <00:08:13.600>out <00:08:13.760>energy <00:08:14.080>in <00:08:14.260>different <00:08:14.480>ways <00:08:14.720>to

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other <00:08:15.220>uh <00:08:15.220>luminous <00:08:16.360>uh <00:08:16.360>lines. <00:08:18.040>And <00:08:18.580>one <00:08:19.620>in <00:08:19.760>particular <00:08:20.160>when <00:08:20.360>you <00:08:20.440>have <00:08:20.560>two <00:08:20.680>excited <00:08:21.000>states

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and <00:08:21.380>they <00:08:21.480>collide <00:08:22.080>they <00:08:22.180>can <00:08:22.300>do <00:08:22.420>what's <00:08:22.660>called <00:08:22.800>a <00:08:22.920>pooling <00:08:23.300>reaction.

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get <00:08:24.280>one <00:08:24.900>of <00:08:25.020>them <00:08:25.240>up <00:08:25.520>to <00:08:25.660>an <00:08:25.760>even <00:08:25.900>higher <00:08:26.160>state <00:08:26.500>and <00:08:26.560>then <00:08:26.660>when <00:08:26.840>that <00:08:27.040>jumps <00:08:27.300>down

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that's <00:08:27.960>a <00:08:28.040>near <00:08:28.220>infrared <00:08:28.820>which <00:08:29.320>is <00:08:29.460>right <00:08:29.760>here.

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So <00:08:31.320>what <00:08:31.820>should <00:08:32.040>it <00:08:32.200>be <00:08:32.340>happening <00:08:32.720>when <00:08:32.980>I'm <00:08:33.220>scaling <00:08:33.520>this <00:08:33.920>uh <00:08:33.920>is <00:08:35.380>it <00:08:36.280>will <00:08:36.460>go <00:08:36.640>up

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yeah <00:08:37.760>go <00:08:37.940>up <00:08:38.060>a <00:08:38.160>lot. <00:08:39.020>So <00:08:39.360>um <00:08:39.560>and <00:08:39.980>it <00:08:39.980>actually <00:08:40.820>the <00:08:41.540>first <00:08:41.900>thing <00:08:42.060>that <00:08:42.200>happens <00:08:42.520>there

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is <00:08:43.440>um <00:08:46.600>yeah <00:08:47.560>first <00:08:47.820>thing <00:08:47.960>that <00:08:48.080>I <00:08:48.460>don't <00:08:48.580>know <00:08:48.640>why <00:08:48.760>it's <00:08:48.900>fiddly <00:08:49.180>uh <00:08:49.180>but <00:08:50.040>um <00:08:50.040>actually

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it <00:08:51.167>it <00:08:51.233>it <00:08:51.300>again <00:08:53.020>this <00:08:53.180>is <00:08:53.280>logarithmic <00:08:53.840>so <00:08:53.880>there's <00:08:54.140>quite <00:08:54.300>a <00:08:54.420>lot <00:08:54.620>here <00:08:54.880>but <00:08:55.200>then <00:08:55.360>this

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a <00:08:55.540>secondary <00:08:56.340>can <00:08:56.820>be <00:08:56.960>added <00:08:57.280>in <00:08:57.560>which <00:08:57.740>you <00:08:58.100>can <00:08:58.240>convert <00:08:58.680>um <00:08:58.680>that <00:08:59.680>excitation <00:09:01.140>into <00:09:01.960>uh <00:09:01.960>even

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more <00:09:03.700>infrared <00:09:03.980>and <00:09:04.140>even <00:09:04.300>better <00:09:04.600>match <00:09:04.980>for <00:09:05.160>silicon.

00:09:05.780 --> 00:09:10.280
Why <00:09:06.060>is <00:09:06.200>this <00:09:06.320>relevant? <00:09:06.880>Silicon <00:09:07.200>is <00:09:07.500>like <00:09:07.720>by <00:09:08.260>far <00:09:08.480>the <00:09:08.660>cheapest <00:09:08.980>source <00:09:09.460>of <00:09:09.640>energy <00:09:09.920>in <00:09:10.200>the

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world. <00:09:10.520>It's <00:09:10.960>just <00:09:11.140>only <00:09:11.440>available <00:09:11.800>when <00:09:12.020>the <00:09:12.120>sun <00:09:12.260>is <00:09:12.420>around.

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So <00:09:13.120>if <00:09:13.260>you <00:09:13.360>can <00:09:13.520>tap <00:09:13.820>into <00:09:14.040>this <00:09:14.380>with <00:09:14.760>this <00:09:14.940>light <00:09:15.160>source, <00:09:15.680>you <00:09:15.980>can <00:09:16.120>produce <00:09:16.420>power

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continuously. <00:09:17.620>Um <00:09:19.600>so <00:09:20.160>what <00:09:20.720>are <00:09:20.820>the <00:09:20.900>kind <00:09:21.060>of <00:09:21.200>scales <00:09:21.620>that <00:09:21.960>we're <00:09:22.080>talking <00:09:22.380>about?

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Well, <00:09:23.040>we <00:09:23.060>can <00:09:23.240>first <00:09:23.500>start <00:09:23.840>talking <00:09:24.240>about <00:09:24.520>like <00:09:24.720>the <00:09:24.820>first <00:09:25.080>thing <00:09:25.320>that <00:09:25.440>we <00:09:25.520>kind <00:09:25.680>of <00:09:25.800>want

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to <00:09:26.000>make <00:09:26.240>is <00:09:26.820>something <00:09:27.140>that <00:09:27.300>can <00:09:27.420>power <00:09:27.780>a <00:09:28.260>Starlink <00:09:28.620>Mini <00:09:28.880>and <00:09:29.180>your <00:09:29.300>Mac <00:09:29.500>Mini <00:09:29.740>and <00:09:30.240>so

00:09:30.640 --> 00:09:37.580
on. <00:09:31.100>But <00:09:31.620>um <00:09:31.620>as <00:09:31.620>a <00:09:31.620>uh <00:09:31.620>as <00:09:32.860>you <00:09:34.700>get <00:09:34.880>larger <00:09:35.240>and <00:09:35.440>larger <00:09:35.800>uh <00:09:35.800>it <00:09:37.100>starts <00:09:37.400>to

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get <00:09:37.720>more <00:09:37.720>more <00:09:38.040>and <00:09:38.500>more <00:09:38.660>interesting. <00:09:39.140>So <00:09:39.780>uh <00:09:40.420>friend <00:09:40.620>of <00:09:40.740>mine <00:09:41.060>uh <00:09:41.060>makes <00:09:43.560>private <00:09:43.860>jet <00:09:44.340>says

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you <00:09:44.800>need <00:09:44.940>about <00:09:45.140>1 <00:09:45.800>megawatt <00:09:46.280>to <00:09:46.460>fly. <00:09:46.940>Uh <00:09:48.020>a <00:09:48.580>lot <00:09:48.700>of <00:09:48.760>people <00:09:48.980>are <00:09:49.160>like <00:09:49.520>hey <00:09:49.880>Danielle

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how <00:09:51.780>quickly <00:09:52.140>can <00:09:52.360>you <00:09:52.500>produce <00:09:52.820>100 <00:09:53.220>megawws <00:09:54.700>forgetting <00:09:55.260>how <00:09:55.420>much <00:09:55.660>it <00:09:55.960>will <00:09:56.100>cost <00:09:56.560>um <00:09:56.560>because

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we <00:09:58.180>desperately <00:09:58.580>need <00:09:58.860>it. <00:09:59.080>um <00:09:59.080>can <00:10:00.120>it <00:10:00.320>scale <00:10:00.620>to <00:10:00.820>that?

00:10:01.880 --> 00:10:06.840
And <00:10:02.140>uh <00:10:02.140>one <00:10:03.040>thing <00:10:03.220>I <00:10:03.380>find <00:10:03.680>I <00:10:03.880>found <00:10:04.100>very <00:10:04.360>useful <00:10:04.840>to <00:10:05.800>convince <00:10:06.060>Claude <00:10:06.360>about <00:10:06.520>this <00:10:06.840>uh

00:10:06.840 --> 00:10:10.980
because <00:10:07.560>it <00:10:07.840>would <00:10:07.940>keep <00:10:08.100>making <00:10:08.600>simplifying <00:10:09.380>assumptions <00:10:09.860>that <00:10:10.180>was <00:10:10.360>less <00:10:10.580>extreme.

00:10:10.980 --> 00:10:15.340
It's <00:10:11.200>like <00:10:11.800>well <00:10:12.040>one <00:10:12.120>of <00:10:12.200>the <00:10:12.300>things <00:10:12.520>that's <00:10:12.880>the <00:10:12.980>highest <00:10:13.320>power <00:10:13.740>that <00:10:14.180>we <00:10:14.300>ever <00:10:14.500>run <00:10:14.840>is

00:10:15.340 --> 00:10:21.760
like <00:10:15.540>a <00:10:15.540>um <00:10:15.540>a <00:10:15.760>rocket <00:10:17.000>launch. <00:10:18.020>So, <00:10:18.500>if <00:10:18.940>you <00:10:19.040>have <00:10:19.180>a <00:10:19.280>Starship <00:10:19.760>Superheavy <00:10:20.560>launch <00:10:21.000>or <00:10:21.420>a

00:10:21.760 --> 00:10:26.000
static <00:10:22.100>fire <00:10:22.380>when <00:10:22.560>it <00:10:22.680>stays <00:10:22.920>on <00:10:23.180>on <00:10:23.480>the <00:10:23.560>ground, <00:10:24.040>the <00:10:24.260>amount <00:10:24.500>of <00:10:24.620>power <00:10:24.880>out <00:10:25.160>is <00:10:25.380>330

00:10:26.000 --> 00:10:30.660
uh <00:10:26.000>gawatt, <00:10:27.900>which <00:10:28.840>is <00:10:29.000>an <00:10:29.140>enormous <00:10:29.560>amount <00:10:29.960>of <00:10:30.240>power.

00:10:30.880 --> 00:10:34.700
But <00:10:31.340>if <00:10:31.780>you've <00:10:32.000>ever <00:10:32.180>I <00:10:32.440>don't <00:10:32.580>know <00:10:32.640>if <00:10:32.740>you <00:10:32.740>you've <00:10:33.180>ever <00:10:33.320>looked <00:10:33.980>next <00:10:34.200>time <00:10:34.380>there's <00:10:34.600>a

00:10:34.700 --> 00:10:39.940
rocket <00:10:34.920>launch, <00:10:35.440>notice <00:10:35.920>how <00:10:36.160>it's <00:10:36.400>yellow <00:10:36.780>when <00:10:37.500>it's <00:10:37.680>on <00:10:37.960>the <00:10:38.120>ground, <00:10:38.720>when <00:10:39.360>it's <00:10:39.520>close <00:10:39.760>to

00:10:39.940 --> 00:10:42.500
the <00:10:40.060>ground, <00:10:40.340>and <00:10:40.520>then <00:10:40.640>it <00:10:40.760>turns <00:10:41.120>white. <00:10:41.460>Why <00:10:41.880>does <00:10:42.060>it <00:10:42.160>do <00:10:42.280>that?

00:10:42.680 --> 00:10:47.380
The <00:10:42.940>reason <00:10:43.200>is <00:10:43.480>the <00:10:43.640>tiny <00:10:44.000>amount <00:10:44.240>of <00:10:44.380>trace <00:10:44.760>sodium <00:10:45.360>that's <00:10:45.660>just <00:10:45.800>from <00:10:45.980>the <00:10:46.140>sea <00:10:46.360>salt <00:10:46.740>comes

00:10:47.380 --> 00:10:50.960
out <00:10:47.580>and <00:10:47.820>lights <00:10:48.440>up <00:10:48.620>the <00:10:48.720>whole <00:10:48.880>thing. <00:10:49.060>You <00:10:49.220>you <00:10:49.220>also <00:10:49.720>saw <00:10:49.940>the <00:10:50.060>same <00:10:50.280>thing <00:10:50.540>when <00:10:50.820>the

00:10:50.960 --> 00:10:56.340
Blue <00:10:51.120>Origin <00:10:51.480>rocket <00:10:51.780>exploded. <00:10:52.620>So <00:10:53.040>what <00:10:53.320>if <00:10:53.600>you <00:10:53.880>actually <00:10:54.220>use <00:10:54.620>this <00:10:54.880>tech <00:10:54.880>technique <00:10:55.600>to

00:10:56.340 --> 00:11:02.920
make <00:10:56.600>a <00:10:56.940>system <00:10:57.320>that <00:10:57.940>can <00:10:58.260>actually <00:10:58.720>uh <00:10:58.720>produce <00:10:59.600>an <00:11:00.800>enormous <00:11:01.220>amount <00:11:01.640>of <00:11:01.640>of <00:11:02.020>power <00:11:02.660>in <00:11:02.840>a

00:11:02.920 --> 00:11:08.080
single <00:11:03.160>installation. <00:11:03.660>So <00:11:04.000>if <00:11:04.500>you <00:11:04.580>calculate <00:11:04.980>it <00:11:05.180>out <00:11:05.400>uh <00:11:06.260>the <00:11:06.320>amount <00:11:06.600>of <00:11:06.880>total <00:11:07.180>power <00:11:07.620>that

00:11:08.080 --> 00:11:13.540
you're <00:11:08.880>generating <00:11:09.660>from <00:11:10.220>from <00:11:10.720>that <00:11:11.020>amount <00:11:11.240>of <00:11:11.240>of <00:11:11.240>of <00:11:11.460>fuel <00:11:12.680>you <00:11:12.820>know <00:11:13.060>which <00:11:13.200>is <00:11:13.340>like

00:11:13.540 --> 00:11:19.160
methane <00:11:14.880>you <00:11:15.040>know <00:11:15.340>liquid <00:11:15.720>natural <00:11:15.960>gas <00:11:16.240>and <00:11:16.760>oxygen <00:11:17.180>which <00:11:17.380>you <00:11:17.500>can <00:11:17.580>just <00:11:17.780>condense <00:11:18.900>from <00:11:19.040>the

00:11:19.160 --> 00:11:25.500
air <00:11:19.300>um <00:11:20.240>that <00:11:20.780>is <00:11:21.320>if <00:11:22.240>you <00:11:22.340>converted <00:11:22.760>it <00:11:22.980>approximately <00:11:23.760>the <00:11:24.120>amount <00:11:24.400>of <00:11:24.560>energy <00:11:24.960>about <00:11:25.020>100

00:11:25.500 --> 00:11:29.680
amount <00:11:26.140>of <00:11:26.300>power <00:11:26.520>about <00:11:26.620>100 <00:11:27.000>gawatts <00:11:27.840>of <00:11:28.060>power <00:11:28.440>in <00:11:28.620>a <00:11:28.700>single <00:11:28.920>installation <00:11:29.460>which <00:11:29.480>is <00:11:29.560>about

00:11:29.680 --> 00:11:33.100
the <00:11:29.800>amount <00:11:30.080>that <00:11:30.440>is <00:11:30.540>added <00:11:30.760>to <00:11:30.920>the <00:11:31.040>electrical <00:11:31.340>grid <00:11:31.780>in <00:11:32.160>the <00:11:32.220>United <00:11:32.400>States <00:11:32.700>in <00:11:32.860>a <00:11:32.940>single

00:11:34.380 --> 00:11:37.920
So <00:11:34.920>uh <00:11:35.460>completely <00:11:36.100>different <00:11:36.400>kind <00:11:36.700>of <00:11:36.880>uh <00:11:36.880>power <00:11:37.600>plant.

00:11:38.220 --> 00:11:43.340
So <00:11:38.760>extremely <00:11:39.220>interesting. <00:11:39.940>So <00:11:40.460>what <00:11:41.240>about <00:11:41.440>building <00:11:41.680>a <00:11:41.840>Dyson <00:11:42.060>sphere <00:11:42.300>at <00:11:42.500>an <00:11:42.600>even <00:11:42.800>greater

00:11:43.340 --> 00:11:47.020
scale? <00:11:44.540>So <00:11:45.080>there <00:11:45.620>are <00:11:45.740>kind <00:11:45.900>of <00:11:46.040>two <00:11:46.220>branches <00:11:46.640>here.

00:11:47.020 --> 00:11:53.840
Um <00:11:47.720>one <00:11:48.240>thing <00:11:48.460>is <00:11:48.820>in <00:11:49.520>a <00:11:49.520>a <00:11:50.180>for <00:11:52.700>an <00:11:53.220>earth <00:11:53.520>shade.

00:11:54.160 --> 00:11:58.880
So <00:11:54.420>one <00:11:55.320>thing <00:11:55.500>people <00:11:55.720>talk <00:11:56.020>about <00:11:56.280>is <00:11:56.660>as <00:11:57.520>you <00:11:57.640>increase <00:11:57.920>the <00:11:58.040>amount <00:11:58.180>of <00:11:58.260>power <00:11:58.500>that <00:11:58.660>goes

00:11:58.880 --> 00:12:04.020
to <00:11:59.040>AI <00:11:59.740>even <00:12:00.220>if <00:12:00.420>it's <00:12:00.620>green <00:12:01.160>it <00:12:01.460>increases <00:12:01.820>the <00:12:02.020>amount <00:12:02.160>of <00:12:02.300>waste <00:12:02.600>heat <00:12:02.800>on <00:12:03.040>earth <00:12:03.660>eventually

00:12:04.020 --> 00:12:08.640
we <00:12:04.240>get <00:12:04.420>cooked <00:12:04.980>what <00:12:05.400>do <00:12:05.520>we <00:12:05.620>do <00:12:06.640>so <00:12:07.160>uh <00:12:07.160>one <00:12:07.680>of <00:12:07.780>the <00:12:07.860>things <00:12:08.060>that <00:12:08.240>you <00:12:08.360>can

00:12:08.640 --> 00:12:13.440
do <00:12:08.940>is <00:12:09.740>you <00:12:10.140>can <00:12:10.340>figure <00:12:10.580>out <00:12:10.820>okay <00:12:11.000>how <00:12:11.160>much <00:12:11.460>anthropogenic <00:12:12.100>global <00:12:12.440>warming <00:12:12.840>have <00:12:13.040>we <00:12:13.140>already

00:12:13.440 --> 00:12:22.800
cooked <00:12:13.780>into <00:12:14.000>this <00:12:14.260>thing <00:12:16.620>and <00:12:17.260>uh <00:12:17.260>let's <00:12:17.900>put <00:12:18.400>a <00:12:19.020>Dyson <00:12:19.380>swarm <00:12:19.880>just <00:12:20.940>you <00:12:21.720>know <00:12:21.980>for <00:12:22.640>good

00:12:22.800 --> 00:12:28.980
weather <00:12:23.500>put <00:12:24.140>it <00:12:24.300>in <00:12:25.200>L1 <00:12:25.840>which <00:12:25.920>is <00:12:26.100>the <00:12:26.380>Lrange <00:12:26.900>point <00:12:27.220>in <00:12:27.720>between <00:12:28.000>Earth <00:12:28.320>and <00:12:28.640>the <00:12:28.760>sun

00:12:30.400 --> 00:12:39.620
and <00:12:31.120>it <00:12:31.120>at <00:12:33.260>0.01% <00:12:33.620>of <00:12:35.100>a <00:12:35.100>a <00:12:35.100>a <00:12:36.080>shade <00:12:37.420>like <00:12:37.920>a <00:12:37.920>a <00:12:38.120>planet <00:12:38.720>shade <00:12:39.180>that <00:12:39.460>will

00:12:39.620 --> 00:12:45.860
cancel <00:12:40.000>out <00:12:40.200>all <00:12:40.320>the <00:12:40.400>global <00:12:40.620>warming. <00:12:41.440>It's <00:12:42.160>also <00:12:42.520>200 <00:12:43.940>terowatts <00:12:44.700>of <00:12:44.860>incoming <00:12:45.200>power <00:12:45.860>and <00:12:45.860>on

00:12:45.860 --> 00:12:52.700
the <00:12:45.860>on <00:12:46.020>the <00:12:46.460>order <00:12:46.900>you <00:12:46.960>know <00:12:47.060>near <00:12:47.780>near <00:12:48.100>to <00:12:48.760>100 <00:12:49.400>terowatts <00:12:50.180>of <00:12:50.440>power <00:12:50.800>right <00:12:51.390>um <00:12:51.980>so

00:12:52.700 --> 00:12:59.500
that's <00:12:53.080>a <00:12:53.820>very <00:12:54.060>interesting <00:12:54.460>thing <00:12:54.820>for <00:12:55.600>uh <00:12:55.600>AI <00:12:56.760>especially <00:12:57.120>if <00:12:57.580>you <00:12:58.160>can <00:12:58.320>start <00:12:58.580>producing <00:12:59.120>the

00:12:59.500 --> 00:13:05.100
solar <00:12:59.800>panels <00:13:00.240>on <00:13:00.500>the <00:13:00.600>moon <00:13:00.840>uh <00:13:01.060>because <00:13:01.720>the <00:13:01.720>the <00:13:01.720>the <00:13:02.340>moon <00:13:03.620>regalith <00:13:04.280>itself <00:13:04.740>contains

00:13:05.640 --> 00:13:10.960
silica <00:13:05.640>contains <00:13:05.860>all <00:13:06.000>kinds <00:13:06.160>of <00:13:06.320>oxides <00:13:07.340>and <00:13:07.540>uh <00:13:07.540>so <00:13:08.640>you <00:13:09.360>can <00:13:09.520>make <00:13:09.680>solar <00:13:09.920>cells <00:13:10.260>it's <00:13:10.780>also

00:13:10.960 --> 00:13:16.840
dramatically <00:13:11.520>easier <00:13:12.180>to <00:13:12.540>get <00:13:13.700>something <00:13:14.140>into <00:13:14.540>lunar <00:13:14.940>orbital <00:13:15.460>velocity <00:13:16.280>and <00:13:16.300>once <00:13:16.560>it's <00:13:16.760>in

00:13:16.840 --> 00:13:20.960
lunar <00:13:17.260>orbital <00:13:17.560>velocity, <00:13:18.120>it <00:13:18.140>can <00:13:18.260>slowly <00:13:18.740>maneuver <00:13:19.100>to <00:13:19.280>wherever <00:13:19.480>it <00:13:19.960>needs <00:13:20.180>to <00:13:20.360>be <00:13:20.540>with

00:13:20.960 --> 00:13:24.260
light <00:13:21.200>um <00:13:21.990>and <00:13:22.280>uh <00:13:22.280>electronic <00:13:23.840>uh <00:13:23.840>transport.

00:13:25.180 --> 00:13:29.120
Sorry, <00:13:25.760>I <00:13:25.840>know <00:13:25.920>I <00:13:26.440>know <00:13:26.720>this <00:13:27.700>is <00:13:27.800>a <00:13:27.900>small <00:13:28.140>room <00:13:28.520>and <00:13:28.760>it <00:13:28.880>seems <00:13:29.120>like <00:13:29.120>microphone <00:13:29.120>it

00:13:29.120 --> 00:13:34.120
a <00:13:29.340>whole <00:13:29.420>lot, <00:13:29.600>but <00:13:30.480>it's <00:13:30.740>crucial <00:13:32.640>to <00:13:32.860>just <00:13:33.060>speak <00:13:33.400>into <00:13:33.760>it.

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this <00:13:34.480>pretty <00:13:34.840>directly <00:13:35.200>just <00:13:35.560>so <00:13:35.920>sorry <00:13:36.760>I'll <00:13:36.960>try <00:13:37.480>to <00:13:37.680>have <00:13:38.280>it <00:13:38.440>locked <00:13:38.880>here <00:13:39.480>but <00:13:39.600>maybe <00:13:39.980>there

00:13:40.160 --> 00:13:45.660
should <00:13:40.280>be <00:13:40.380>a <00:13:40.480>compressor <00:13:40.780>somewhere <00:13:42.160>um <00:13:42.980>okay <00:13:43.260>all <00:13:43.860>right <00:13:44.080>great <00:13:44.140>um <00:13:45.060>so <00:13:45.660>if <00:13:45.660>you <00:13:45.660>have <00:13:45.660>u

00:13:45.660 --> 00:13:53.060
if <00:13:46.260>you <00:13:46.360>have <00:13:46.780>an <00:13:48.940>earth <00:13:49.620>shade <00:13:49.980>then <00:13:50.320>basically <00:13:50.680>up <00:13:50.940>to <00:13:51.040>the <00:13:51.160>design <00:13:51.460>point <00:13:51.780>of <00:13:52.180>it <00:13:52.800>is

00:13:53.060 --> 00:13:57.340
providing <00:13:53.500>the <00:13:53.680>amount <00:13:53.860>of <00:13:54.020>cooling <00:13:54.340>that <00:13:54.580>we <00:13:54.720>want <00:13:55.280>this <00:13:55.600>is <00:13:55.740>a <00:13:55.840>great <00:13:56.120>place <00:13:56.520>to <00:13:56.520>to <00:13:56.860>get

00:13:57.340 --> 00:14:02.920
energy <00:13:57.700>and <00:13:58.340>it <00:13:58.560>could <00:13:58.720>be <00:13:58.920>substantially <00:13:59.900>cheaper <00:14:00.420>than <00:14:00.640>even <00:14:00.860>earthborne <00:14:01.640>energy <00:14:02.060>if <00:14:02.620>you <00:14:02.720>can

00:14:02.920 --> 00:14:08.420
generate <00:14:03.340>uh <00:14:03.340>the <00:14:04.080>satellites <00:14:04.640>and <00:14:05.220>send <00:14:05.700>them <00:14:06.120>and <00:14:06.380>basically <00:14:06.740>you <00:14:07.220>can <00:14:07.380>spin <00:14:07.740>launch <00:14:08.140>or <00:14:08.140>or

00:14:08.420 --> 00:14:12.760
rail <00:14:09.080>gun <00:14:09.080>launch <00:14:09.480>to <00:14:09.940>lunar <00:14:10.180>orbital <00:14:10.500>velocity <00:14:11.000>and <00:14:11.140>use <00:14:11.380>almost <00:14:11.700>no <00:14:11.920>energy <00:14:12.240>compared <00:14:12.540>to

00:14:12.760 --> 00:14:14.220
launching <00:14:13.080>something <00:14:13.360>from <00:14:13.560>the <00:14:13.660>earth's <00:14:13.980>surface.

00:14:14.560 --> 00:14:22.460
So <00:14:15.080>I <00:14:16.840>think <00:14:17.020>it's <00:14:17.200>good <00:14:17.340>for <00:14:17.520>alignment <00:14:17.980>if <00:14:18.640>uh <00:14:18.640>AI <00:14:19.340>eventually <00:14:19.960>gets <00:14:20.400>power <00:14:20.800>off <00:14:21.240>of <00:14:21.640>Earth

00:14:22.460 --> 00:14:24.900
because <00:14:22.780>then <00:14:23.320>we <00:14:23.500>don't <00:14:23.700>get <00:14:23.840>cooked <00:14:24.080>by <00:14:24.320>the <00:14:24.440>waste <00:14:24.680>heat.

00:14:24.900 --> 00:14:28.760
Um <00:14:24.900>in <00:14:25.880>addition <00:14:26.160>to <00:14:26.340>the <00:14:26.420>fact <00:14:26.620>you <00:14:26.720>know <00:14:26.780>we're <00:14:26.920>currently <00:14:27.340>we're <00:14:28.060>burning <00:14:28.280>a <00:14:28.400>lot <00:14:28.480>of <00:14:28.560>fuel.

00:14:28.760 --> 00:14:33.620
Um <00:14:29.360>but <00:14:29.880>then <00:14:30.080>something <00:14:30.720>it <00:14:31.000>was <00:14:31.140>once <00:14:31.600>you <00:14:31.740>get <00:14:31.940>to <00:14:32.100>really <00:14:32.600>large <00:14:33.160>scale.

00:14:33.860 --> 00:14:41.940
So <00:14:33.940>you <00:14:33.940>you <00:14:33.940>you <00:14:33.940>you <00:14:34.200>basically <00:14:35.500>you <00:14:36.660>have <00:14:37.040>heavy <00:14:39.600>industry <00:14:39.980>near <00:14:40.260>Mercury, <00:14:40.720>you <00:14:41.240>start <00:14:41.620>to

00:14:41.940 --> 00:14:46.940
disassemble <00:14:42.680>it <00:14:42.920>and <00:14:43.440>you <00:14:43.440>you <00:14:43.440>you <00:14:43.440>you <00:14:43.940>can <00:14:45.120>send <00:14:45.500>stuff <00:14:45.760>out, <00:14:46.120>you <00:14:46.240>know, <00:14:46.380>into <00:14:46.500>the <00:14:46.620>ecliptic.

00:14:47.080 --> 00:14:49.820
There's <00:14:47.220>so <00:14:47.460>much <00:14:47.740>extra <00:14:48.080>power <00:14:48.500>uh <00:14:48.500>in <00:14:49.460>the <00:14:49.580>sun.

00:14:51.020 --> 00:14:57.060
You <00:14:51.660>can <00:14:51.860>actually <00:14:52.320>change <00:14:52.940>the <00:14:53.360>direction <00:14:53.860>that <00:14:54.720>the <00:14:55.580>energy <00:14:56.080>is <00:14:56.080>is <00:14:56.500>going.

00:14:57.500 --> 00:15:02.240
You <00:14:57.580>can <00:14:57.740>have <00:14:58.080>um <00:14:58.170>this <00:14:58.260>the <00:14:59.720>sun <00:14:59.920>has <00:15:00.120>an <00:15:00.240>enormous <00:15:00.580>magnetic <00:15:01.020>field <00:15:01.440>and <00:15:02.080>it's <00:15:02.080>p <00:15:02.080>it's

00:15:02.240 --> 00:15:06.340
moving <00:15:02.980>through <00:15:03.240>the <00:15:03.400>milky <00:15:03.600>way <00:15:04.340>and <00:15:04.660>so <00:15:04.740>it's <00:15:04.860>actually <00:15:05.080>accreting <00:15:05.520>gas <00:15:05.960>and <00:15:06.180>it's <00:15:06.340>exhaust

00:15:06.340 --> 00:15:09.420
and <00:15:06.340>exhausting <00:15:07.480>gas <00:15:07.860>and <00:15:07.860>and <00:15:08.100>photons <00:15:08.620>at <00:15:08.800>the <00:15:08.900>same <00:15:09.120>time.

00:15:09.420 --> 00:15:13.480
So <00:15:09.940>if <00:15:10.060>you <00:15:10.120>change <00:15:10.740>where <00:15:11.120>the <00:15:11.340>light <00:15:11.580>is <00:15:11.740>going <00:15:11.960>out <00:15:12.140>and <00:15:12.240>you <00:15:12.320>change <00:15:12.700>where <00:15:13.020>the <00:15:13.180>exhaust

00:15:13.480 --> 00:15:17.780
is <00:15:13.680>going <00:15:13.860>out <00:15:14.000>and <00:15:14.120>you <00:15:14.180>change <00:15:14.500>where <00:15:14.700>stuff <00:15:15.280>is <00:15:15.440>coming <00:15:15.620>in, <00:15:16.080>this <00:15:16.540>is <00:15:16.780>basically <00:15:17.460>a <00:15:17.780>busousard

00:15:17.780 --> 00:15:22.680
uh <00:15:18.220>ramjet <00:15:19.280>which <00:15:19.380>is <00:15:19.560>this <00:15:20.020>idea <00:15:20.340>where <00:15:20.560>you <00:15:20.720>actually <00:15:20.980>make <00:15:21.580>guess <00:15:21.980>I <00:15:22.140>see <00:15:22.280>in <00:15:22.420>the <00:15:22.460>audience

00:15:22.880 --> 00:15:28.220
you <00:15:23.240>make <00:15:23.460>a <00:15:23.600>fusion <00:15:23.900>reactor <00:15:24.360>that <00:15:24.900>absorbs <00:15:25.440>the <00:15:25.760>interstellar <00:15:26.400>gas <00:15:26.840>and <00:15:26.840>and <00:15:27.360>moves <00:15:27.900>around.

00:15:28.780 --> 00:15:33.180
So <00:15:29.160>what <00:15:29.320>can <00:15:29.460>you <00:15:29.560>do <00:15:29.700>with <00:15:29.860>this? <00:15:30.060>I'm <00:15:30.400>not <00:15:30.520>saying <00:15:30.800>it's <00:15:31.360>easy <00:15:32.200>thing <00:15:32.400>to <00:15:32.560>do <00:15:32.860>but

00:15:33.180 --> 00:15:36.940
this <00:15:34.520>is <00:15:34.660>how <00:15:34.660>a <00:15:35.000>awesome <00:15:35.560>way <00:15:35.760>to <00:15:35.880>make <00:15:36.020>a <00:15:36.140>generation <00:15:36.420>ship.

00:15:37.160 --> 00:15:42.400
Over <00:15:37.500>eons, <00:15:38.200>the <00:15:38.280>sun <00:15:38.480>can <00:15:38.800>scoot <00:15:39.500>around <00:15:39.900>throughout <00:15:40.400>the <00:15:40.620>Milky <00:15:40.840>Way, <00:15:41.480>visit <00:15:41.740>other <00:15:41.960>stars,

00:15:42.400 --> 00:15:45.880
and <00:15:43.040>potentially <00:15:43.520>find <00:15:43.840>another <00:15:44.060>star <00:15:44.360>that <00:15:44.700>can <00:15:44.860>scoot <00:15:45.100>around <00:15:45.340>even <00:15:45.580>more.

00:15:45.880 --> 00:15:51.380
which <00:15:46.620>means <00:15:46.920>that <00:15:47.140>you <00:15:47.280>can <00:15:47.420>get <00:15:47.580>to <00:15:47.760>the <00:15:47.900>final <00:15:48.220>prize <00:15:48.880>which <00:15:49.140>is <00:15:49.460>uh <00:15:49.460>if <00:15:50.760>you <00:15:50.920>have

00:15:51.380 --> 00:16:00.520
energy <00:15:52.060>uh <00:15:52.340>if <00:15:56.080>you <00:15:56.200>have <00:15:56.520>at <00:15:57.280>the <00:15:57.400>center <00:15:57.620>of <00:15:57.760>the <00:15:57.860>Milky <00:15:58.060>Way <00:15:58.420>a <00:15:59.680>super <00:16:00.340>massive <00:16:00.340>black

00:16:00.520 --> 00:16:05.080
hole <00:16:01.100>the <00:16:01.240>amount <00:16:01.420>of <00:16:01.600>extractable <00:16:02.380>energy <00:16:02.820>when <00:16:03.540>you <00:16:03.680>drop <00:16:04.060>something <00:16:04.340>into <00:16:04.540>the <00:16:04.660>accretion

00:16:05.080 --> 00:16:10.220
disc <00:16:05.080>it's <00:16:05.600>it's <00:16:06.000>about <00:16:06.400>50% <00:16:06.720>of <00:16:06.720>the <00:16:06.980>of <00:16:07.340>the <00:16:07.980>rest <00:16:08.440>mass <00:16:08.700>energy <00:16:09.220>which <00:16:09.300>is <00:16:09.420>enormous <00:16:10.120>which

00:16:10.220 --> 00:16:14.360
is <00:16:10.320>like <00:16:10.500>about <00:16:11.740>50 <00:16:12.000>times <00:16:12.280>the <00:16:12.420>amount <00:16:12.600>that <00:16:12.740>you <00:16:12.820>would <00:16:12.920>get <00:16:13.060>out <00:16:13.220>if <00:16:13.380>you <00:16:13.480>fused <00:16:13.900>everything.

00:16:15.120 --> 00:16:24.080
Okay. <00:16:16.320>Um, <00:16:19.560>and <00:16:20.080>the <00:16:20.600>amount <00:16:20.900>of <00:16:21.100>power <00:16:21.500>that's <00:16:21.800>available <00:16:22.200>if <00:16:22.820>you <00:16:22.960>were <00:16:23.100>to <00:16:23.240>do <00:16:23.400>that <00:16:23.900>is

00:16:24.080 --> 00:16:32.400
of <00:16:24.320>the <00:16:24.460>order <00:16:24.720>of <00:16:25.140>10 <00:16:26.220>the <00:16:26.340>30 <00:16:27.380>33 <00:16:28.100>watts. <00:16:28.700>Uh, <00:16:28.920>which <00:16:30.460>is <00:16:30.660>like <00:16:30.920>just <00:16:31.760>so <00:16:32.020>dramatically.

00:16:32.400 --> 00:16:38.520
I <00:16:32.600>had <00:16:32.680>a <00:16:32.760>big <00:16:32.900>argument <00:16:33.420>with <00:16:33.720>Elazar <00:16:34.840>Yudkowski <00:16:35.480>last <00:16:35.820>night, <00:16:36.580>you <00:16:36.640>know, <00:16:36.880>um, <00:16:37.760>much <00:16:38.040>respect.

00:16:38.940 --> 00:16:42.800
He's <00:16:39.460>like, <00:16:39.760>you <00:16:39.840>know, <00:16:39.940>they'll <00:16:40.040>they <00:16:41.280>can <00:16:41.420>use <00:16:41.620>you <00:16:41.720>for <00:16:41.880>energy <00:16:42.180>and <00:16:42.340>they <00:16:42.400>can <00:16:42.520>use <00:16:42.700>you

00:16:42.800 --> 00:16:48.040
for <00:16:42.960>mass. <00:16:43.260>And <00:16:43.400>it's <00:16:43.520>like, <00:16:43.680>well, <00:16:44.780>there's <00:16:45.000>like <00:16:45.120>10 <00:16:45.400>to <00:16:45.560>the <00:16:45.720>very <00:16:46.080>large <00:16:46.400>number <00:16:46.720>of <00:16:47.360>of

00:16:48.240 --> 00:16:51.200
of <00:16:48.360>more <00:16:49.040>energy <00:16:49.520>and <00:16:49.760>mass <00:16:50.020>out <00:16:50.200>there <00:16:50.480>in <00:16:50.740>space.

00:16:51.820 --> 00:16:58.080
It's <00:16:52.340>a <00:16:52.460>big <00:16:52.800>place <00:16:54.420>and <00:16:54.940>we <00:16:55.460>don't <00:16:55.740>necessarily <00:16:56.300>have <00:16:56.680>to <00:16:56.800>set <00:16:57.020>things <00:16:57.300>up <00:16:57.500>for <00:16:57.680>resource

00:16:58.080 --> 00:17:01.400
conflict. <00:16:58.680>We <00:16:59.200>can <00:16:59.340>use <00:16:59.520>ideas <00:16:59.980>to <00:17:00.440>to <00:17:00.740>get <00:17:00.980>out <00:17:01.120>of <00:17:01.260>it.

00:17:01.400 --> 00:17:07.040
Um, <00:17:02.820>so <00:17:03.280>let <00:17:03.500>me <00:17:03.600>see <00:17:03.820>if <00:17:03.980>I <00:17:04.080>can <00:17:04.240>show <00:17:04.660>a <00:17:05.520>few <00:17:05.780>other <00:17:06.040>things <00:17:06.420>that <00:17:06.660>didn't <00:17:06.860>quite

00:17:07.040 --> 00:17:10.060
make <00:17:07.300>it <00:17:07.420>into <00:17:07.640>this <00:17:08.080>this <00:17:08.720>flow. <00:17:09.300>Just <00:17:09.500>one <00:17:09.660>second.

00:17:10.060 --> 00:17:28.100
Uh <00:17:10.060>and <00:17:11.620>then <00:17:12.300>we <00:17:12.560>can <00:17:12.880>probably <00:17:13.540>discuss <00:17:14.620>um <00:17:18.980>well <00:17:20.200>yeah <00:17:20.820>sure <00:17:22.840>sorry <00:17:23.440>oh <00:17:25.340>uh <00:17:27.240>Dyson <00:17:27.720>sphere.fyi

00:17:29.240 --> 00:17:35.480
which <00:17:29.940>I <00:17:29.940>I <00:17:30.180>I <00:17:30.420>hope <00:17:30.860>is <00:17:31.100>is <00:17:31.380>up <00:17:31.740>right <00:17:31.980>now. <00:17:32.320>Let's <00:17:32.480>see <00:17:32.620>if <00:17:34.080>Claude <00:17:34.980>managed <00:17:35.280>it.

00:17:35.780 --> 00:17:38.220
Yeah. <00:17:36.180>Unfortunately <00:17:36.560>uh <00:17:36.560>this <00:17:37.400>part <00:17:37.720>isn't <00:17:37.980>working.

00:17:38.220 --> 00:17:40.740
So <00:17:38.380>I <00:17:38.460>have <00:17:38.580>to <00:17:38.700>fix <00:17:39.260>that <00:17:39.480>from <00:17:39.680>my <00:17:39.860>Cloudflare <00:17:40.340>settings.

00:17:41.260 --> 00:17:47.120
But <00:17:41.800>um <00:17:42.420>yes <00:17:43.080>uh <00:17:44.580>it <00:17:44.780>will <00:17:45.020>it <00:17:45.140>will <00:17:45.300>be <00:17:45.440>up <00:17:45.680>and <00:17:46.040>the <00:17:46.200>intent <00:17:46.500>is <00:17:46.980>so <00:17:47.120>I

00:17:47.120 --> 00:17:51.400
I <00:17:47.320>I <00:17:47.480>discovered <00:17:48.140>um <00:17:49.300>one <00:17:49.600>of <00:17:49.720>the <00:17:49.820>things <00:17:50.000>that <00:17:50.180>people <00:17:50.520>always <00:17:50.760>ask <00:17:50.920>is <00:17:51.160>you <00:17:51.180>know <00:17:51.260>why

00:17:51.400 --> 00:17:58.660
didn't <00:17:51.560>anybody <00:17:51.800>ever <00:17:52.540>oh <00:17:52.560>why <00:17:54.120>didn't <00:17:54.500>anybody <00:17:55.100>think <00:17:56.220>of <00:17:56.340>this <00:17:56.460>before <00:17:57.560>and <00:17:57.960>there's <00:17:58.360>usually

00:17:58.660 --> 00:18:00.680
a <00:17:58.820>lot <00:17:58.900>of <00:17:59.020>reasons. <00:17:59.600>I <00:17:59.640>mean <00:17:59.760>this <00:17:59.880>is <00:17:59.980>pretty <00:18:00.120>esoteric.

00:18:00.760 --> 00:18:03.540
You <00:18:00.780>need <00:18:00.880>to <00:18:00.940>know <00:18:01.100>at <00:18:01.340>least <00:18:01.560>a <00:18:01.660>few <00:18:01.800>things <00:18:02.100>sort <00:18:02.260>of <00:18:02.640>you <00:18:02.740>know <00:18:02.800>how <00:18:02.960>sodium <00:18:03.280>lights

00:18:03.540 --> 00:18:08.500
work <00:18:03.800>or <00:18:03.940>fireworks <00:18:04.380>work, <00:18:04.960>how <00:18:05.300>PV <00:18:05.660>cells <00:18:06.100>work <00:18:06.520>and <00:18:06.740>and <00:18:07.040>and <00:18:07.160>light <00:18:07.480>divides <00:18:07.960>into <00:18:08.200>different

00:18:08.500 --> 00:18:13.820
wavelengths. <00:18:08.900>Um <00:18:10.160>and <00:18:10.300>you <00:18:10.420>need <00:18:10.560>to <00:18:10.820>decide <00:18:11.820>to <00:18:11.980>build <00:18:12.160>it <00:18:12.440>which <00:18:12.500>involves <00:18:13.040>high <00:18:13.460>temperature

00:18:13.820 --> 00:18:22.680
flames <00:18:14.240>and <00:18:14.500>designing <00:18:17.300>that's <00:18:17.700>all <00:18:17.820>right. <00:18:19.600>Um <00:18:20.000>and <00:18:20.560>uh <00:18:21.480>you <00:18:21.720>you <00:18:21.900>need <00:18:22.140>you <00:18:22.340>need <00:18:22.480>to <00:18:22.560>do

00:18:22.680 --> 00:18:27.760
all <00:18:22.800>these <00:18:22.940>different <00:18:23.100>things. <00:18:23.460>But <00:18:23.880>um <00:18:25.680>I <00:18:25.800>was <00:18:25.960>like <00:18:26.120>why <00:18:26.340>why <00:18:26.540>isn't <00:18:26.800>there <00:18:26.940>any <00:18:27.100>study <00:18:27.540>of

00:18:27.760 --> 00:18:31.360
this? <00:18:28.120>Like <00:18:28.240>there <00:18:28.720>there <00:18:28.920>were <00:18:29.140>20 <00:18:29.600>different <00:18:29.840>ways <00:18:30.080>to <00:18:30.260>do <00:18:30.360>thermop <00:18:31.240>photovoltaics <00:18:31.240>and

00:18:31.360 --> 00:18:36.240
nobody <00:18:31.640>decided <00:18:32.180>to <00:18:32.380>try <00:18:32.900>uh <00:18:33.560>adding <00:18:33.860>sodium <00:18:34.260>when <00:18:34.580>this <00:18:34.860>is <00:18:35.020>known <00:18:35.460>like <00:18:35.560>this <00:18:35.700>is <00:18:35.800>demonstrated

00:18:36.240 --> 00:18:40.880
in <00:18:36.460>high <00:18:36.640>school <00:18:36.860>physics <00:18:37.100>class <00:18:37.700>you <00:18:37.740>know <00:18:37.800>just <00:18:37.840>just <00:18:38.020>flame <00:18:38.420>tests <00:18:38.900>um <00:18:39.880>and <00:18:40.220>and <00:18:40.540>and <00:18:40.720>these

00:18:40.880 --> 00:18:42.100
are <00:18:40.960>the <00:18:41.040>most <00:18:41.220>efficient <00:18:41.540>lights <00:18:41.760>in <00:18:41.920>the <00:18:41.980>world.

00:18:42.200 --> 00:18:46.500
These <00:18:42.280>highress <00:18:42.740>sodium <00:18:43.080>lights <00:18:43.440>are <00:18:44.040>the <00:18:44.120>most <00:18:44.300>efficient <00:18:44.700>um <00:18:45.740>lights <00:18:46.000>in <00:18:46.180>the <00:18:46.240>world.

00:18:46.900 --> 00:18:51.300
Uh <00:18:47.340>let <00:18:47.460>me <00:18:47.560>just <00:18:47.940>let <00:18:48.420>me <00:18:48.480>just <00:18:48.640>move <00:18:48.780>back <00:18:49.000>here <00:18:49.240>to <00:18:49.960>where <00:18:50.520>we <00:18:50.740>at.

00:18:51.460 --> 00:18:59.560
Um <00:18:52.000>yeah. <00:18:52.180>So <00:18:52.540>so <00:18:52.880>this <00:18:53.100>is <00:18:53.260>a <00:18:54.020>a <00:18:54.140>one-dimensional <00:18:54.680>uh <00:18:55.500>simulation <00:18:56.060>uh <00:18:57.440>of <00:18:57.820>how <00:18:58.340>much <00:18:58.900>uh

00:18:59.760 --> 00:19:03.560
energy <00:19:00.060>gets <00:19:00.360>out <00:19:00.540>into <00:19:00.740>each <00:19:00.940>wavelength. <00:19:01.400>So <00:19:01.880>as <00:19:02.100>you <00:19:02.100>in <00:19:02.100>you <00:19:02.220>see <00:19:02.700>it <00:19:02.960>as <00:19:03.060>you <00:19:03.160>increase

00:19:03.560 --> 00:19:09.240
the <00:19:03.760>amount <00:19:03.980>of <00:19:04.520>um <00:19:05.220>this <00:19:05.420>is <00:19:05.540>in <00:19:06.540>WM. <00:19:06.720>If <00:19:06.940>if <00:19:07.020>you <00:19:07.120>tell <00:19:07.320>your <00:19:07.500>AI <00:19:08.660>to <00:19:09.020>use

00:19:09.240 --> 00:19:13.000
WM <00:19:09.760>everything <00:19:09.960>gets <00:19:10.200>incredibly <00:19:10.660>fast. <00:19:11.620>Uh <00:19:12.140>okay.

00:19:13.140 --> 00:19:18.160
So <00:19:13.440>as <00:19:13.760>you <00:19:13.860>increase <00:19:14.200>this <00:19:14.420>you <00:19:14.520>get <00:19:14.640>more <00:19:14.900>and <00:19:15.020>more <00:19:15.240>of <00:19:15.660>this <00:19:16.060>um <00:19:16.600>self-traed <00:19:17.180>line <00:19:17.580>and

00:19:18.160 --> 00:19:23.880
then <00:19:18.280>you <00:19:18.400>get <00:19:18.820>uh <00:19:19.520>more <00:19:19.740>and <00:19:19.840>more <00:19:20.000>energy <00:19:20.380>coming <00:19:20.680>out <00:19:20.940>in <00:19:21.160>this <00:19:21.780>um <00:19:22.680>819 <00:19:23.440>this <00:19:23.580>near

00:19:23.900 --> 00:19:30.260
uh <00:19:24.460>near <00:19:24.640>infant. <00:19:24.940>Yes. <00:19:27.320>Sorry. <00:19:27.900>Sorry. <00:19:29.740>All <00:19:30.180>right.

00:19:30.260 --> 00:19:36.360
So <00:19:31.120>this <00:19:31.360>is <00:19:31.540>this <00:19:31.760>is <00:19:31.900>the <00:19:31.980>amount <00:19:32.260>of <00:19:32.440>pressure <00:19:32.820>of <00:19:33.880>the <00:19:34.220>primary <00:19:34.840>sodium <00:19:35.740>and <00:19:36.200>you <00:19:36.280>can

00:19:36.360 --> 00:19:41.180
have <00:19:36.520>a <00:19:36.520>a <00:19:36.860>secondary <00:19:37.280>sodium <00:19:37.800>that <00:19:38.040>that <00:19:38.260>that <00:19:38.440>basically <00:19:38.840>um <00:19:40.120>traps <00:19:40.380>it <00:19:40.620>like <00:19:40.780>it <00:19:40.960>like <00:19:41.040>an

00:19:41.180 --> 00:19:45.940
annulus <00:19:42.100>of <00:19:42.400>of <00:19:42.680>of <00:19:42.680>additional <00:19:42.940>resonant <00:19:43.780>material <00:19:44.440>that's <00:19:44.740>just <00:19:44.860>trying <00:19:45.060>to <00:19:45.480>trap <00:19:45.780>it.

00:19:46.400 --> 00:19:50.420
Um <00:19:47.020>and <00:19:47.640>uh <00:19:48.100>this <00:19:48.460>this <00:19:48.580>will <00:19:48.720>be <00:19:48.860>up <00:19:49.100>as <00:19:49.260>well. <00:19:49.440>What <00:19:49.720>what <00:19:49.880>I <00:19:50.080>was <00:19:50.200>trying <00:19:50.320>to

00:19:50.420 --> 00:19:58.580
get <00:19:50.540>to <00:19:50.740>is <00:19:51.280>um <00:19:53.960>there <00:19:54.120>is <00:19:54.420>a <00:19:54.560>code <00:19:54.940>at <00:19:55.440>Lawrence <00:19:55.760>Liverour <00:19:56.240>that <00:19:56.720>does <00:19:57.160>radiative <00:19:57.640>transport <00:19:58.140>and

00:19:58.580 --> 00:20:02.420
the <00:19:58.660>reason <00:19:58.900>you <00:19:59.060>can't <00:19:59.320>have <00:19:59.540>it <00:19:59.700>is <00:20:00.040>because <00:20:00.260>it's <00:20:00.520>used <00:20:00.800>for <00:20:01.220>Hbombs, <00:20:01.660>but <00:20:01.980>I'm <00:20:02.140>not <00:20:02.300>going

00:20:02.420 --> 00:20:04.460
to <00:20:02.500>use <00:20:02.700>it <00:20:02.800>for <00:20:02.920>that. <00:20:03.240>So, <00:20:03.640>I'm <00:20:03.820>making <00:20:04.040>my <00:20:04.220>own.

00:20:04.480 --> 00:20:09.680
Uh <00:20:06.340>uh <00:20:06.760>and <00:20:07.080>and <00:20:07.360>and <00:20:07.500>it's <00:20:07.680>going <00:20:07.900>it's <00:20:08.100>going <00:20:08.220>to <00:20:08.320>go <00:20:08.460>up <00:20:08.620>on <00:20:08.800>our <00:20:09.120>our <00:20:09.320>website

00:20:09.680 --> 00:20:12.800
and <00:20:09.940>and <00:20:10.160>and <00:20:10.360>up <00:20:10.500>here <00:20:10.900>and <00:20:10.960>it <00:20:11.060>just <00:20:11.180>isn't <00:20:11.700>uh <00:20:12.160>integrated <00:20:12.420>yet.

00:20:13.340 --> 00:20:22.240
Um <00:20:14.780>so <00:20:15.060>uh <00:20:15.580>um <00:20:16.220>another <00:20:16.500>thing <00:20:16.680>to <00:20:16.820>say <00:20:17.020>is <00:20:17.260>that <00:20:17.480>we <00:20:18.160>there's <00:20:18.540>sort <00:20:18.700>of <00:20:18.840>two <00:20:21.960>really

00:20:22.240 --> 00:20:25.360
important <00:20:22.600>questions <00:20:23.080>in <00:20:23.320>terms <00:20:23.480>of <00:20:23.660>the <00:20:23.760>actual <00:20:24.140>physics <00:20:24.520>of <00:20:24.740>how <00:20:24.860>this <00:20:25.040>works.

00:20:25.360 --> 00:20:31.580
One <00:20:26.020>is <00:20:26.540>is <00:20:27.760>the <00:20:27.900>emission <00:20:28.340>actually <00:20:28.940>coupled <00:20:29.360>like <00:20:29.700>a <00:20:29.800>laser <00:20:30.100>or <00:20:30.300>like <00:20:30.440>this <00:20:31.080>so-called <00:20:31.260>super

00:20:31.580 --> 00:20:35.420
radiance. <00:20:32.060>If <00:20:32.100>you <00:20:32.140>click <00:20:32.620>it <00:20:32.740>on <00:20:33.040>or <00:20:33.200>off <00:20:33.540>it <00:20:33.940>well <00:20:34.620>it <00:20:34.640>can <00:20:34.740>change <00:20:34.980>a <00:20:35.120>lot <00:20:35.320>but

00:20:35.420 --> 00:20:37.440
apparently <00:20:35.720>not <00:20:35.960>with <00:20:36.120>these <00:20:36.480>these <00:20:36.960>parameters.

00:20:37.900 --> 00:20:40.780
All <00:20:38.300>right. <00:20:38.440>Maybe <00:20:38.620>it's <00:20:38.900>maybe <00:20:39.360>it's <00:20:39.580>off. <00:20:40.380>Hold <00:20:40.620>on.

00:20:41.660 --> 00:20:46.220
No, <00:20:42.200>it's <00:20:42.380>not <00:20:42.540>working. <00:20:42.980>Okay. <00:20:43.960>Formally, <00:20:44.400>super <00:20:44.800>radiance <00:20:45.200>would <00:20:45.380>make <00:20:45.580>some <00:20:45.840>difference,

00:20:46.500 --> 00:20:55.540
some <00:20:46.680>degradation. <00:20:48.120>Additionally, <00:20:49.420>um <00:20:51.600>the <00:20:51.800>amount <00:20:52.240>of <00:20:52.800>energy <00:20:53.900>uh <00:20:55.040>and <00:20:55.180>the <00:20:55.260>amount <00:20:55.420>of

00:20:55.540 --> 00:20:59.240
irreversibility <00:20:56.360>that <00:20:56.780>happens <00:20:57.300>when <00:20:57.520>you <00:20:57.760>when <00:20:57.920>you <00:20:58.040>combust <00:20:58.480>something, <00:20:58.960>when <00:20:59.000>you <00:20:59.080>do <00:20:59.160>a

00:20:59.240 --> 00:21:05.460
chemical <00:20:59.540>reaction, <00:21:00.080>um <00:21:01.400>as <00:21:02.980>you <00:21:03.080>get <00:21:03.200>to <00:21:03.300>higher <00:21:03.620>and <00:21:03.780>higher <00:21:04.000>temperatures <00:21:04.520>and <00:21:04.880>you <00:21:05.000>drive <00:21:05.280>it

00:21:05.460 --> 00:21:10.460
towards <00:21:05.880>a <00:21:06.100>steady <00:21:06.400>state <00:21:06.860>where <00:21:07.480>that <00:21:08.080>temperature <00:21:08.440>is <00:21:08.660>so <00:21:08.880>high <00:21:09.140>that <00:21:09.300>the <00:21:09.440>reaction <00:21:09.880>products

00:21:10.620 --> 00:21:17.100
uh <00:21:11.360>also <00:21:11.740>thermodynamically <00:21:13.280>um <00:21:14.540>they <00:21:14.920>thermalize <00:21:15.900>uh <00:21:16.540>and <00:21:16.860>and <00:21:17.100>split <00:21:17.100>apart.

00:21:17.100 --> 00:21:20.060
And <00:21:17.960>so <00:21:18.100>the <00:21:18.380>heat <00:21:18.620>itself <00:21:18.940>is <00:21:19.180>keeping <00:21:19.460>things <00:21:19.740>apart.

00:21:20.340 --> 00:21:26.580
When <00:21:20.840>things <00:21:21.080>are <00:21:21.300>that <00:21:21.640>hot, <00:21:22.700>the <00:21:22.740>amount <00:21:23.080>of <00:21:23.360>energy <00:21:23.840>that <00:21:24.140>is <00:21:24.300>available <00:21:24.820>um <00:21:25.940>to <00:21:26.040>the <00:21:26.200>system

00:21:26.580 --> 00:21:32.480
as <00:21:27.280>you <00:21:27.780>when <00:21:29.580>you <00:21:29.740>when <00:21:29.980>you <00:21:30.100>rack <00:21:30.340>more, <00:21:30.680>it <00:21:30.760>doesn't <00:21:31.020>create <00:21:31.240>any <00:21:31.480>uh <00:21:32.180>entropy.

00:21:32.700 --> 00:21:40.420
It <00:21:33.420>it's <00:21:33.800>it's <00:21:33.960>it's <00:21:34.020>reversible. <00:21:34.840>And <00:21:35.400>the <00:21:36.420>um <00:21:37.520>the <00:21:37.660>available <00:21:38.220>bond <00:21:38.720>energy <00:21:39.160>we <00:21:39.440>think <00:21:39.940>is

00:21:40.420 --> 00:21:45.080
probably <00:21:40.820>significantly <00:21:41.640>excited <00:21:42.340>beyond <00:21:43.080>what <00:21:43.660>would <00:21:44.100>be <00:21:44.220>the <00:21:44.360>kinetic <00:21:44.660>temperature.

00:21:45.080 --> 00:21:49.040
So <00:21:45.280>the <00:21:45.380>kinetic <00:21:45.600>temperature <00:21:45.960>is <00:21:46.200>the <00:21:46.720>temperature <00:21:47.080>of <00:21:47.320>all <00:21:47.460>of <00:21:47.560>the <00:21:47.660>molecules <00:21:48.140>and <00:21:48.140>and <00:21:48.680>atoms

00:21:49.040 --> 00:21:53.080
moving <00:21:49.600>around. <00:21:50.360>Um <00:21:51.260>and <00:21:51.500>you <00:21:51.640>calculate <00:21:52.260>calculate <00:21:52.700>that.

00:21:53.220 --> 00:21:58.260
But <00:21:53.420>when <00:21:53.680>when <00:21:53.860>a <00:21:54.160>reaction <00:21:54.580>first <00:21:54.960>occurs, <00:21:55.720>the <00:21:56.440>energy <00:21:56.780>is <00:21:57.120>an <00:21:57.260>excited <00:21:57.560>states <00:21:57.780>on <00:21:58.100>the

00:21:58.260 --> 00:22:01.540
molecule <00:21:58.760>and <00:21:59.180>it <00:21:59.280>can <00:21:59.420>excite <00:21:59.920>this <00:22:00.180>uh <00:22:00.700>light <00:22:01.180>emission.

00:22:01.540 --> 00:22:07.400
Um, <00:22:02.460>and <00:22:02.680>we <00:22:02.900>think <00:22:03.380>that <00:22:03.740>because <00:22:04.220>of <00:22:04.560>this, <00:22:05.140>we <00:22:05.180>can <00:22:05.320>get <00:22:05.520>much <00:22:06.380>much <00:22:06.500>higher <00:22:06.900>emission

00:22:07.400 --> 00:22:13.080
densities <00:22:07.980>than <00:22:08.560>we <00:22:08.740>previously <00:22:09.140>had, <00:22:09.460>which <00:22:09.840>is <00:22:09.960>exciting <00:22:10.300>for <00:22:10.520>the <00:22:10.720>the <00:22:10.960>highly <00:22:11.760>tuned <00:22:12.160>cells

00:22:13.080 --> 00:22:17.160
that <00:22:13.680>we <00:22:13.820>have <00:22:14.120>because <00:22:14.640>you <00:22:15.000>can <00:22:15.160>match <00:22:15.580>the <00:22:15.800>yellow <00:22:16.100>much <00:22:16.520>more <00:22:16.720>exactly.

00:22:17.160 --> 00:22:23.340
And <00:22:17.760>it's <00:22:17.960>exciting <00:22:18.300>because <00:22:18.700>it <00:22:19.360>means <00:22:20.380>that <00:22:20.540>there's <00:22:20.800>more <00:22:21.280>amount <00:22:21.760>of <00:22:22.060>energy <00:22:22.480>that's <00:22:22.880>in <00:22:23.100>the

00:22:23.340 --> 00:22:27.420
the <00:22:23.740>yellow <00:22:24.000>light <00:22:24.340>anyway <00:22:25.440>and <00:22:25.480>trapped. <00:22:26.080>And <00:22:26.180>that's <00:22:26.420>what <00:22:26.500>creates <00:22:26.780>the <00:22:26.940>near <00:22:27.120>infrared

00:22:27.420 --> 00:22:29.960
light <00:22:27.680>that <00:22:27.840>matches <00:22:28.280>silicon <00:22:28.800>and <00:22:29.180>gallium <00:22:29.560>arsenide.

00:22:29.960 --> 00:22:35.900
Oh <00:22:30.180>well. <00:22:31.100>Uh <00:22:32.040>yeah. <00:22:32.640>So <00:22:33.240>I <00:22:33.900>have <00:22:34.200>been <00:22:34.420>kind <00:22:34.660>of <00:22:34.840>blowing <00:22:35.140>through <00:22:35.580>it.

00:22:36.080 --> 00:22:38.820
Maybe <00:22:36.240>I <00:22:36.420>can <00:22:36.980>uh <00:22:37.360>get <00:22:37.560>some <00:22:37.740>questions <00:22:38.180>from <00:22:38.360>the <00:22:38.460>audience.

00:22:38.820 --> 00:22:55.400
Uh <00:22:39.840>sure. <00:22:43.360>Yes. <00:22:53.140>Yeah, <00:22:54.100>that's <00:22:54.460>pretty <00:22:55.040>much <00:22:55.220>it.

00:22:57.240 --> 00:23:07.700
Sorry. <00:22:58.440>Uh <00:22:58.620>yeah. <00:22:58.900>Uh <00:22:59.140>sorry. <00:22:59.780>Uh <00:23:01.220>um <00:23:03.000>to <00:23:03.140>understand <00:23:03.580>carefully <00:23:04.020>uh <00:23:05.440>it <00:23:05.800>is <00:23:06.440>uh <00:23:06.920>we <00:23:07.320>use

00:23:07.700 --> 00:23:12.040
the <00:23:08.340>energy <00:23:08.820>in <00:23:08.980>heat <00:23:09.300>to <00:23:09.700>excite <00:23:10.080>sodium <00:23:10.740>which <00:23:10.780>produces <00:23:11.100>yellow <00:23:11.380>light <00:23:11.720>which <00:23:11.800>can <00:23:11.940>be

00:23:12.040 --> 00:23:24.460
converted <00:23:12.380>efficiently. <00:23:13.500>So <00:23:14.720>yes. <00:23:15.880>So <00:23:17.520>um <00:23:19.960>you <00:23:20.280>did <00:23:20.960>a <00:23:21.080>transition <00:23:21.520>from <00:23:22.360>uh <00:23:23.220>chemical <00:23:23.620>chemical

00:23:24.460 --> 00:23:35.960
fuel <00:23:24.460>systems <00:23:26.140>to <00:23:26.680>solo <00:23:28.220>point <00:23:28.860>um <00:23:30.080>I <00:23:30.320>wasn't <00:23:30.760>clear <00:23:31.180>on <00:23:31.700>what <00:23:32.400>was <00:23:33.100>perhaps <00:23:33.800>the <00:23:34.500>chemical <00:23:35.200>yeah

00:23:36.120 --> 00:23:43.340
it's <00:23:36.280>a <00:23:36.360>good <00:23:36.480>question <00:23:36.880>so <00:23:37.300>the <00:23:38.140>traditional <00:23:38.620>Dyson <00:23:39.080>sphere <00:23:39.500>is <00:23:40.520>you <00:23:41.260>surround <00:23:41.700>it <00:23:42.240>you

00:23:43.340 --> 00:23:47.920
surround <00:23:43.720>the <00:23:43.920>sun <00:23:44.360>but <00:23:44.780>different <00:23:45.080>suns <00:23:45.360>are <00:23:45.440>different <00:23:45.620>colors <00:23:46.760>And <00:23:47.280>actually <00:23:47.560>every

00:23:47.920 --> 00:23:52.640
astrophysical <00:23:48.700>or <00:23:49.900>a <00:23:49.900>whole <00:23:50.120>pile <00:23:50.360>of <00:23:50.500>astrophysical <00:23:50.940>objects <00:23:51.200>that <00:23:51.360>we <00:23:51.440>know <00:23:51.620>actually <00:23:52.280>have <00:23:52.540>a

00:23:52.640 --> 00:23:57.960
corona <00:23:53.040>that <00:23:54.080>is <00:23:54.320>bright <00:23:54.740>in <00:23:54.980>the <00:23:55.100>sodium <00:23:55.400>lines <00:23:56.320>that <00:23:56.400>is <00:23:56.900>you <00:23:57.120>know <00:23:57.200>it's <00:23:57.300>low <00:23:57.420>density <00:23:57.880>but

00:23:57.960 --> 00:24:01.420
it <00:23:57.960>it's <00:23:58.540>bright <00:23:58.900>and <00:23:59.120>the <00:23:59.200>temperature <00:23:59.800>if <00:23:59.900>you <00:24:00.000>measure <00:24:00.260>it <00:24:00.380>is <00:24:00.460>like <00:24:00.580>10 <00:24:00.820>million <00:24:01.100>degrees.

00:24:01.420 --> 00:24:06.440
The <00:24:01.660>sun <00:24:01.860>is <00:24:02.000>like <00:24:02.160>this. <00:24:02.780>It's <00:24:03.520>not <00:24:03.780>quite <00:24:03.980>10 <00:24:04.180>million <00:24:04.420>degrees <00:24:04.800>in <00:24:05.100>in <00:24:05.320>the <00:24:05.600>optical <00:24:06.200>uh

00:24:06.580 --> 00:24:14.240
for <00:24:06.680>Earth, <00:24:07.440>but <00:24:08.360>it <00:24:08.520>is <00:24:08.660>like <00:24:08.840>that. <00:24:09.380>The <00:24:11.360>because <00:24:11.700>stars <00:24:12.740>are <00:24:12.960>different <00:24:13.200>colors, <00:24:13.600>your

00:24:14.240 --> 00:24:18.080
optimization <00:24:14.860>is <00:24:15.480>going <00:24:15.640>to <00:24:15.740>be <00:24:15.840>different <00:24:16.100>for <00:24:16.320>each <00:24:16.500>different <00:24:16.860>astrophysical <00:24:17.720>option.

00:24:18.720 --> 00:24:27.540
Um <00:24:19.560>blue, <00:24:20.240>red <00:24:20.560>giant <00:24:21.760>star, <00:24:23.220>but <00:24:23.520>you <00:24:24.280>can <00:24:24.680>convert <00:24:25.240>the <00:24:25.460>energy <00:24:25.780>using <00:24:26.420>a <00:24:26.620>kind <00:24:26.820>of <00:24:27.160>uh

00:24:28.500 --> 00:24:34.840
secondary. <00:24:29.180>So <00:24:29.580>one <00:24:29.740>can <00:24:29.860>imagine <00:24:30.240>for <00:24:30.500>the <00:24:30.680>sun <00:24:31.060>that <00:24:31.680>you <00:24:31.900>actually <00:24:32.400>don't <00:24:33.960>exactly <00:24:34.220>know <00:24:34.440>best

00:24:34.840 --> 00:24:41.360
way <00:24:34.980>to <00:24:35.100>do <00:24:35.240>this <00:24:35.540>but <00:24:35.640>get <00:24:36.540>more <00:24:36.980>sodium <00:24:37.380>into <00:24:37.720>the <00:24:38.280>um <00:24:40.500>layers <00:24:40.660>of <00:24:40.860>the <00:24:40.940>sun <00:24:41.120>and

00:24:41.360 --> 00:24:46.040
it <00:24:41.580>will <00:24:41.760>emit <00:24:42.140>uh <00:24:43.480>it <00:24:43.920>will <00:24:44.060>emit <00:24:44.320>light <00:24:44.760>in <00:24:45.420>that <00:24:45.660>band.

00:24:46.040 --> 00:24:51.520
But <00:24:46.580>probably <00:24:47.140>for <00:24:47.660>for <00:24:48.200>for <00:24:48.760>the <00:24:48.940>sun <00:24:49.260>it <00:24:49.480>doesn't <00:24:49.820>make <00:24:50.500>a <00:24:50.600>huge <00:24:50.820>amount <00:24:51.020>of <00:24:51.160>sense <00:24:51.360>to

00:24:51.520 --> 00:24:56.080
like <00:24:51.660>engineer <00:24:52.040>the <00:24:52.280>whole <00:24:52.460>thing <00:24:52.720>to <00:24:52.860>be <00:24:53.000>emitting <00:24:53.280>specifically <00:24:53.980>at <00:24:55.000>the <00:24:55.140>extreme <00:24:55.540>end <00:24:55.860>when

00:24:56.080 --> 00:25:04.460
you <00:24:56.180>have <00:24:56.300>a <00:24:56.440>small <00:24:56.780>star <00:24:58.140>you <00:24:58.200>can <00:24:58.360>add <00:24:58.820>um <00:25:02.540>or <00:25:02.840>or <00:25:03.100>or <00:25:03.440>or <00:25:03.440>like <00:25:03.460>the <00:25:03.600>sagittarius

00:25:04.580 --> 00:25:08.520
like <00:25:04.720>if <00:25:04.880>you <00:25:04.960>have <00:25:05.060>an <00:25:05.160>accretion <00:25:05.580>disc <00:25:05.780>or <00:25:05.960>something <00:25:06.380>if <00:25:06.820>you <00:25:06.960>have <00:25:07.420>sodium <00:25:07.820>in <00:25:08.020>the <00:25:08.100>accretion

00:25:08.520 --> 00:25:13.820
disc <00:25:08.820>when <00:25:10.880>it's <00:25:11.080>a <00:25:11.220>moderate <00:25:11.800>temperature <00:25:12.240>it <00:25:12.520>will <00:25:12.660>emit <00:25:12.860>incredibly <00:25:13.260>brightly <00:25:13.520>in <00:25:13.740>the

00:25:13.820 --> 00:25:16.820
yellow <00:25:14.180>um <00:25:14.660>and <00:25:14.820>then <00:25:14.920>you <00:25:15.040>can <00:25:15.180>absorb <00:25:16.300>Yes. <00:25:16.720>Yeah.

00:25:16.940 --> 00:25:22.740
So, <00:25:18.520>could <00:25:18.900>you <00:25:19.000>like <00:25:19.420>have <00:25:19.760>two <00:25:20.160>layers? <00:25:20.840>One <00:25:21.160>which <00:25:21.240>is <00:25:21.400>just <00:25:21.620>a <00:25:21.740>block <00:25:22.380>like <00:25:22.580>a <00:25:22.740>ghost

00:25:22.740 --> 00:25:27.220
block <00:25:22.880>sodium <00:25:23.220>that <00:25:24.520>reriate <00:25:25.000>or <00:25:25.220>that <00:25:25.400>would <00:25:25.580>that <00:25:25.820>be <00:25:26.100>less <00:25:27.160>activated?

00:25:27.220 --> 00:25:32.040
It <00:25:27.940>it <00:25:28.380>could <00:25:28.820>be. <00:25:29.840>There's <00:25:30.200>there's <00:25:30.200>long <00:25:30.300>been <00:25:30.460>ideas <00:25:30.800>of <00:25:31.020>like <00:25:31.320>a <00:25:31.560>they <00:25:31.720>call <00:25:31.900>it <00:25:31.980>a

00:25:32.040 --> 00:25:38.640
mattressa <00:25:32.800>Dyson <00:25:33.240>sphere <00:25:33.560>where <00:25:34.100>you <00:25:34.180>have <00:25:34.340>multiple <00:25:34.740>layers <00:25:35.140>and <00:25:36.240>the <00:25:36.860>one <00:25:37.760>of <00:25:37.880>them <00:25:38.060>radiates

00:25:38.640 --> 00:25:43.140
out <00:25:38.820>and <00:25:38.980>you <00:25:39.160>you <00:25:39.320>cover <00:25:39.560>the <00:25:39.720>other. <00:25:40.080>But <00:25:40.400>if <00:25:40.400>it <00:25:41.500>depending <00:25:41.980>on <00:25:42.200>where <00:25:42.380>you <00:25:42.640>put <00:25:42.940>the

00:25:43.140 --> 00:25:48.760
atoms, <00:25:43.820>you <00:25:44.220>can <00:25:44.640>pump <00:25:45.820>more <00:25:46.100>of <00:25:46.280>the <00:25:46.400>energy <00:25:46.760>and <00:25:47.220>use <00:25:47.540>it <00:25:47.620>and <00:25:47.740>then <00:25:47.840>recycle <00:25:48.320>the <00:25:48.500>rest.

00:25:48.760 --> 00:25:54.880
So <00:25:49.060>if <00:25:49.500>you <00:25:49.580>had <00:25:49.740>a <00:25:49.860>cavity <00:25:50.240>that <00:25:50.480>was <00:25:50.740>like <00:25:50.920>a <00:25:51.440>very <00:25:51.760>good <00:25:51.980>mirror <00:25:52.380>um <00:25:54.180>and <00:25:54.620>then

00:25:54.960 --> 00:25:59.800
uh <00:25:55.440>you <00:25:55.680>you <00:25:55.840>pick <00:25:56.080>out <00:25:56.240>only <00:25:56.460>this <00:25:56.740>uh <00:25:57.660>part <00:25:57.940>of <00:25:58.040>the <00:25:58.180>spectrum, <00:25:58.720>then <00:25:59.140>then <00:25:59.320>that <00:25:59.520>that's

00:25:59.800 --> 00:26:03.040
a <00:25:59.880>way <00:25:59.960>to <00:26:00.060>do <00:26:00.180>what <00:26:00.280>we're <00:26:00.420>doing. <00:26:00.680>But <00:26:00.900>astrophysically <00:26:01.780>it's <00:26:02.720>difficult.

00:26:03.040 --> 00:26:06.640
I <00:26:03.220>mean <00:26:03.340>mo <00:26:03.440>most <00:26:03.600>of <00:26:03.940>the <00:26:04.020>time <00:26:04.220>when <00:26:04.400>you're <00:26:04.540>doing <00:26:04.920>a <00:26:05.060>Dyson <00:26:05.320>sphere, <00:26:05.660>you <00:26:05.920>really <00:26:06.160>are

00:26:06.640 --> 00:26:09.840
going <00:26:06.860>to <00:26:06.940>want <00:26:07.060>to <00:26:07.140>have <00:26:07.320>a <00:26:07.320>a <00:26:07.640>swarm. <00:26:08.240>you're <00:26:08.480>not <00:26:08.660>going <00:26:08.780>to <00:26:08.860>have <00:26:09.000>a <00:26:09.100>complete <00:26:09.420>cavity.

00:26:09.840 --> 00:26:12.400
The <00:26:10.400>energy <00:26:10.660>is <00:26:10.820>going <00:26:10.920>to <00:26:11.000>go <00:26:11.120>back <00:26:11.380>into <00:26:11.600>the <00:26:11.860>sun.

00:26:12.400 --> 00:26:17.920
But <00:26:13.040>it <00:26:13.480>is, <00:26:14.040>but <00:26:14.140>if <00:26:14.300>you <00:26:14.380>have <00:26:14.500>a <00:26:14.600>partial <00:26:14.920>cavity <00:26:15.300>and <00:26:16.200>you <00:26:16.340>like <00:26:16.520>let <00:26:17.060>light <00:26:17.620>out

00:26:17.920 --> 00:26:21.940
or <00:26:18.140>let <00:26:18.420>exhaust <00:26:18.760>products <00:26:19.140>out <00:26:19.280>in <00:26:19.400>one <00:26:19.580>direction, <00:26:20.480>uh <00:26:20.940>you <00:26:21.040>can <00:26:21.120>do <00:26:21.200>all <00:26:21.340>sorts <00:26:21.560>of <00:26:21.700>things

00:26:22.020 --> 00:26:24.640
including <00:26:22.240>like <00:26:22.660>like <00:26:22.900>I <00:26:22.980>said, <00:26:23.260>scooting <00:26:23.500>around <00:26:23.960>the <00:26:24.040>local <00:26:24.280>neighborhood.

00:26:24.640 --> 00:26:43.560
take <00:26:27.900>the <00:26:31.160>first <00:26:34.420>lickable <00:26:37.680>right <00:26:38.620>so <00:26:38.900>um <00:26:40.980>we're <00:26:41.760>trying <00:26:42.000>to <00:26:42.120>make <00:26:42.420>over <00:26:42.780>the <00:26:42.900>next <00:26:43.100>couple <00:26:43.400>of

00:26:43.560 --> 00:26:48.400
years <00:26:44.160>both <00:26:44.320>smallcale <00:26:45.320>devices <00:26:45.800>that <00:26:46.020>are <00:26:46.100>your <00:26:46.220>general <00:26:46.480>purpose <00:26:46.820>utility <00:26:47.260>provides <00:26:47.940>power

00:26:48.640 --> 00:26:57.580
heat <00:26:49.520>light <00:26:50.140>water <00:26:50.540>just <00:26:50.960>condenses <00:26:51.340>the <00:26:51.680>chemically <00:26:53.240>created <00:26:53.660>water <00:26:54.180>um <00:26:55.920>at <00:26:56.100>small <00:26:56.460>scale <00:26:57.100>and

00:26:57.580 --> 00:27:01.660
we <00:26:57.880>think <00:26:58.100>that <00:26:58.220>this <00:26:58.380>will <00:26:58.460>be <00:26:58.760>you <00:26:58.860>know <00:26:59.060>a <00:26:59.160>general <00:26:59.320>purpose <00:26:59.800>sidearm <00:27:01.280>everyone's <00:27:01.520>going <00:27:01.620>to

00:27:01.660 --> 00:27:08.120
want <00:27:02.280>Um <00:27:03.920>at <00:27:04.120>large <00:27:04.480>scale <00:27:05.120>there's <00:27:05.660>a <00:27:05.740>huge <00:27:05.980>demand <00:27:06.300>for <00:27:06.600>data <00:27:06.860>center <00:27:07.120>power <00:27:07.700>and <00:27:07.840>so <00:27:07.980>we

00:27:08.120 --> 00:27:15.800
are <00:27:08.240>trying <00:27:08.580>to <00:27:08.880>find <00:27:09.680>hundreds <00:27:10.080>of <00:27:10.380>megawws <00:27:11.080>or <00:27:11.360>gigawatts <00:27:12.140>of <00:27:12.620>basically <00:27:14.060>natural <00:27:14.480>gas <00:27:15.120>um <00:27:15.620>and

00:27:15.800 --> 00:27:21.180
also <00:27:16.620>at <00:27:16.820>a <00:27:16.900>place <00:27:17.140>where <00:27:17.300>you <00:27:17.420>can <00:27:17.560>generate <00:27:17.860>a <00:27:18.000>lot <00:27:18.120>of <00:27:18.320>hydrogen <00:27:18.760>from <00:27:19.520>excess <00:27:19.960>solar <00:27:20.520>and

00:27:21.180 --> 00:27:26.160
so <00:27:21.320>you <00:27:21.440>can <00:27:21.580>you <00:27:21.800>can <00:27:21.960>switch <00:27:22.360>between <00:27:22.740>natural <00:27:23.380>gas <00:27:23.660>and <00:27:23.780>hydrogen <00:27:24.120>and <00:27:24.720>hopefully <00:27:25.360>mostly

00:27:26.160 --> 00:27:32.140
hydrogen <00:27:26.900>um <00:27:27.340>at <00:27:27.680>at <00:27:28.120>that <00:27:28.280>much <00:27:28.540>larger <00:27:28.900>scale <00:27:29.240>as <00:27:29.820>we <00:27:29.980>increase <00:27:31.120>the <00:27:31.300>amount <00:27:31.520>of <00:27:31.720>empirical

00:27:32.140 --> 00:27:38.380
data <00:27:32.700>behind <00:27:33.260>if <00:27:33.760>you <00:27:33.900>scale <00:27:34.200>this <00:27:34.700>can <00:27:36.180>you <00:27:36.380>get <00:27:36.620>higher <00:27:36.940>and <00:27:37.060>higher <00:27:37.260>efficiencies <00:27:37.680>out <00:27:38.020>with

00:27:38.560 --> 00:27:44.880
uh <00:27:39.000>silicon <00:27:39.280>cells <00:27:39.620>with <00:27:39.800>silicon <00:27:40.080>cells <00:27:40.360>and <00:27:41.200>uh <00:27:42.440>that <00:27:42.720>could <00:27:42.880>happen <00:27:43.140>pretty <00:27:43.400>fast <00:27:44.000>but <00:27:44.800>you

00:27:44.880 --> 00:27:52.400
know <00:27:45.440>maybe <00:27:47.080>two <00:27:47.400>years <00:27:47.760>from <00:27:48.060>go <00:27:48.360>when <00:27:48.740>there's <00:27:48.980>a <00:27:49.060>whole <00:27:49.240>pile <00:27:49.500>of <00:27:49.680>money <00:27:50.840>um <00:27:51.880>and <00:27:52.200>then

00:27:52.400 --> 00:27:58.100
I <00:27:52.860>think <00:27:53.440>and <00:27:53.620>people <00:27:54.140>kept <00:27:54.340>asking <00:27:54.600>me <00:27:54.900>hey <00:27:55.200>Danielle <00:27:55.780>why <00:27:55.960>is <00:27:56.240>Elon <00:27:57.300>talking <00:27:57.640>about <00:27:57.800>a <00:27:57.900>mass

00:27:58.100 --> 00:28:02.220
driver <00:27:58.360>on <00:27:58.540>the <00:27:58.600>moon <00:27:59.060>this <00:27:59.540>is <00:27:59.680>why <00:27:59.920>I <00:28:00.260>don't <00:28:00.400>know <00:28:00.500>when <00:28:00.720>He's <00:28:01.020>intending <00:28:01.560>to <00:28:01.680>do <00:28:01.820>that,

00:28:02.260 --> 00:28:07.260
but <00:28:03.020>it <00:28:03.420>could <00:28:03.620>happen <00:28:03.900>quite <00:28:04.160>quickly. <00:28:05.020>Uh, <00:28:05.200>Blue <00:28:05.300>Origin <00:28:05.640>has <00:28:05.840>actually <00:28:06.120>made <00:28:06.460>solar <00:28:06.800>cells

00:28:07.260 --> 00:28:13.240
from <00:28:07.680>lunar <00:28:08.220>regalith, <00:28:10.200>and <00:28:10.640>you <00:28:11.080>know, <00:28:11.280>you <00:28:11.420>don't <00:28:11.600>even <00:28:11.760>need <00:28:11.920>to <00:28:12.060>throw <00:28:12.380>it <00:28:12.540>very <00:28:12.760>fast <00:28:13.060>to

00:28:13.240 --> 00:28:15.340
get <00:28:13.360>into <00:28:13.540>lunar <00:28:13.800>orbit, <00:28:14.140>although <00:28:14.280>you <00:28:14.440>need <00:28:14.560>to <00:28:14.660>do <00:28:14.740>a <00:28:14.860>little <00:28:14.960>correction.

00:28:16.000 --> 00:28:26.800
Uh, <00:28:16.660>Matt, <00:28:19.120>so <00:28:21.180>power <00:28:21.440>generation <00:28:22.240>generate <00:28:24.260>way <00:28:24.580>over <00:28:26.320>50.

00:28:28.220 --> 00:28:37.400
How <00:28:28.940>does <00:28:29.340>how <00:28:29.980>does <00:28:30.160>this <00:28:30.520>stack <00:28:31.020>up <00:28:31.340>against <00:28:32.460>the <00:28:32.940>boats <00:28:36.060>at <00:28:36.360>its <00:28:36.960>circuit <00:28:37.100>recover?

00:28:37.940 --> 00:28:45.140
Yeah. <00:28:38.960>So, <00:28:39.020>we <00:28:39.420>think <00:28:40.080>that <00:28:40.560>we <00:28:41.500>can <00:28:41.800>fairly <00:28:42.480>beat <00:28:43.000>what's <00:28:43.420>called <00:28:43.580>a <00:28:43.720>simple <00:28:44.040>cycle <00:28:44.460>gas

00:28:45.140 --> 00:28:48.000
turbine, <00:28:45.900>which <00:28:46.400>is <00:28:46.600>sort <00:28:46.800>of <00:28:46.900>30% <00:28:47.500>efficiency.

00:28:48.280 --> 00:28:53.920
So <00:28:48.440>we <00:28:48.480>think <00:28:48.760>30% <00:28:49.600>plus, <00:28:50.980>but <00:28:51.740>we <00:28:51.740>think <00:28:51.960>that <00:28:52.140>if <00:28:52.340>you <00:28:52.480>if <00:28:52.700>you <00:28:52.880>optimize <00:28:53.180>everything, <00:28:53.880>you

00:28:53.920 --> 00:29:00.620
can <00:28:54.080>probably <00:28:54.460>get <00:28:54.740>to <00:28:55.060>60% <00:28:57.160>or <00:28:57.460>so <00:28:57.840>what <00:28:57.840>when <00:28:58.420>everything <00:28:59.560>is <00:28:59.800>working <00:29:00.040>in <00:29:00.200>your <00:29:00.320>favor.

00:29:00.620 --> 00:29:06.120
And <00:29:01.300>you <00:29:01.300>can <00:29:01.440>also <00:29:01.680>do <00:29:01.880>what's <00:29:02.100>called <00:29:02.300>a <00:29:02.440>combined <00:29:02.980>cycle <00:29:03.400>plant, <00:29:04.040>which <00:29:04.760>combines <00:29:05.560>it <00:29:05.820>with

00:29:06.120 --> 00:29:11.760
spinning <00:29:07.200>things <00:29:07.780>and <00:29:08.060>boiling <00:29:08.360>water. <00:29:08.960>You <00:29:08.960>know, <00:29:09.100>maybe <00:29:09.280>boiling <00:29:09.860>boiling <00:29:10.920>alcohol <00:29:11.320>off <00:29:11.660>of

00:29:11.760 --> 00:29:14.120
the <00:29:11.880>back <00:29:12.100>of <00:29:12.260>the <00:29:12.380>solar <00:29:12.640>cells <00:29:13.020>will <00:29:13.220>will <00:29:13.420>generate <00:29:13.760>power.

00:29:14.120 --> 00:29:18.940
And <00:29:14.800>uh <00:29:15.500>you <00:29:15.780>need <00:29:16.180>you <00:29:17.020>need <00:29:17.200>a <00:29:17.460>certain <00:29:17.720>amount <00:29:17.920>of <00:29:18.060>air <00:29:18.300>flowing <00:29:18.700>through.

00:29:19.080 --> 00:29:21.460
So <00:29:19.160>you <00:29:19.180>can <00:29:19.240>imagine <00:29:19.460>a <00:29:19.460>having <00:29:19.940>a <00:29:20.140>turbine <00:29:20.460>on <00:29:20.680>the <00:29:20.760>on <00:29:20.900>the <00:29:21.020>back <00:29:21.280>end.

00:29:21.660 --> 00:29:28.440
And <00:29:21.880>so <00:29:22.000>this <00:29:22.160>is <00:29:22.260>how <00:29:22.420>the <00:29:22.580>highest <00:29:22.960>efficiency <00:29:23.580>fuel <00:29:24.360>um <00:29:25.460>systems <00:29:25.700>h <00:29:26.360>uh <00:29:26.820>have <00:29:27.180>achieved <00:29:28.320>uh

00:29:29.500 --> 00:29:33.240
a <00:29:29.640>combined <00:29:29.920>cycle <00:29:30.240>and <00:29:30.540>a <00:29:31.000>steam <00:29:31.240>plant <00:29:31.640>over <00:29:32.340>60% <00:29:32.860>efficiency.

00:29:33.240 --> 00:29:35.720
We <00:29:33.660>think <00:29:33.840>we <00:29:33.960>can <00:29:34.080>get <00:29:34.200>over <00:29:34.380>70%. <00:29:35.040>long <00:29:35.520>term.

00:29:43.900 --> 00:29:48.780
Uh, <00:29:44.680>good <00:29:44.740>question. <00:29:45.320>So, <00:29:45.880>uh, <00:29:46.420>well, <00:29:46.960>um, <00:29:47.520>at <00:29:48.040>least <00:29:48.300>ours.

00:29:49.120 --> 00:29:57.340
Um, <00:29:51.020>so, <00:29:51.500>so <00:29:52.180>it's <00:29:52.600>a <00:29:52.700>very <00:29:52.900>good <00:29:53.520>this <00:29:54.340>is <00:29:54.440>one <00:29:54.520>of <00:29:54.620>the <00:29:54.660>most <00:29:54.900>costic <00:29:56.260>environments <00:29:56.740>imaginable,

00:29:57.440 --> 00:30:01.480
right? <00:29:57.820>You <00:29:58.100>have <00:29:58.220>sodium <00:29:58.620>chloride, <00:29:59.280>which <00:29:59.400>is <00:29:59.520>also <00:30:00.100>and <00:30:00.540>extremely <00:30:00.900>high <00:30:01.120>temperatures.

00:30:01.480 --> 00:30:06.140
How <00:30:01.820>are <00:30:01.980>we <00:30:02.120>hundreds <00:30:02.480>of <00:30:02.680>temperatures <00:30:03.060>higher <00:30:03.460>than <00:30:03.800>you <00:30:04.060>know <00:30:04.700>MIT <00:30:05.360>National <00:30:05.640>Labs <00:30:06.060>all

00:30:06.140 --> 00:30:08.220
that? <00:30:06.820>The <00:30:06.820>main <00:30:07.000>thing <00:30:07.180>is <00:30:07.340>we're <00:30:07.480>using <00:30:07.760>ceramic.

00:30:08.740 --> 00:30:17.340
So <00:30:09.360>um <00:30:10.400>chemically <00:30:11.300>aluminina <00:30:12.320>uh <00:30:12.840>aluminum <00:30:13.340>aluminum <00:30:14.000>2 <00:30:14.620>oxygen <00:30:14.960>3 <00:30:15.320>is <00:30:15.940>really <00:30:16.400>difficult <00:30:16.900>to

00:30:17.340 --> 00:30:21.220
react <00:30:17.700>to <00:30:17.880>anything <00:30:18.100>else. <00:30:18.360>It's <00:30:18.580>such <00:30:18.900>in <00:30:19.280>such <00:30:19.600>a <00:30:19.600>a <00:30:19.800>ground <00:30:20.420>state <00:30:20.880>basically.

00:30:21.820 --> 00:30:27.080
Um <00:30:22.860>so <00:30:23.140>it <00:30:23.560>it <00:30:23.800>it <00:30:24.280>tolerates <00:30:24.920>the <00:30:25.080>salt <00:30:25.460>and <00:30:25.640>in <00:30:25.740>fact <00:30:26.000>the <00:30:26.080>salt <00:30:26.260>makes <00:30:26.480>it <00:30:26.620>stronger.

00:30:27.080 --> 00:30:30.940
it <00:30:27.340>fills <00:30:27.560>in <00:30:27.720>all <00:30:27.840>the <00:30:27.960>pores <00:30:28.340>and <00:30:29.000>it <00:30:29.320>distributes <00:30:30.380>strain.

00:30:31.480 --> 00:30:36.140
Um <00:30:33.320>the <00:30:33.440>second <00:30:33.740>thing <00:30:33.980>is <00:30:34.700>we <00:30:35.140>have <00:30:35.420>to <00:30:35.560>use <00:30:35.820>these.

00:30:36.320 --> 00:30:53.880
Um <00:30:37.800>let <00:30:37.960>me <00:30:38.040>show <00:30:38.200>you. <00:30:39.660>Uh <00:30:47.000>so <00:30:48.500>not <00:30:49.220>this. <00:30:53.360>Okay.

00:30:54.240 --> 00:31:11.880
So <00:30:56.120>sorry. <00:30:57.520>Um <00:31:00.340>so <00:31:00.720>this <00:31:00.860>shape <00:31:01.460>um <00:31:02.800>these <00:31:03.200>kind <00:31:03.520>of <00:31:08.980>corugations <00:31:10.620>solves <00:31:11.420>the <00:31:11.580>critical

00:31:11.880 --> 00:31:17.700
structural <00:31:12.320>problem. <00:31:13.360>So <00:31:14.240>uh <00:31:14.760>even <00:31:15.020>though <00:31:15.280>the <00:31:15.500>thermal <00:31:15.760>expansion <00:31:16.240>coefficient <00:31:16.780>of <00:31:17.320>the

00:31:17.700 --> 00:31:23.780
ceramic <00:31:18.140>isn't <00:31:18.660>very <00:31:18.920>high <00:31:19.340>compared <00:31:20.000>with <00:31:20.220>steel, <00:31:20.620>it's <00:31:21.360>maybe <00:31:21.540>one/ird, <00:31:22.600>it's <00:31:23.080>much <00:31:23.620>much

00:31:23.780 --> 00:31:26.940
harder. <00:31:24.360>It's <00:31:24.560>actually <00:31:24.880>like <00:31:25.680>nine <00:31:26.020>on <00:31:26.220>the <00:31:26.340>MO <00:31:26.640>scale.

00:31:27.180 --> 00:31:30.720
It's <00:31:27.660>like <00:31:27.920>within <00:31:29.260>a <00:31:29.500>factor <00:31:29.780>of <00:31:29.980>four <00:31:30.180>of <00:31:30.380>diamond.

00:31:31.360 --> 00:31:35.640
So <00:31:31.840>on <00:31:32.280>one <00:31:32.480>hand, <00:31:32.980>the <00:31:33.040>thermal <00:31:33.300>stresses <00:31:34.020>will <00:31:34.020>become <00:31:34.400>really <00:31:34.720>great <00:31:34.920>if <00:31:35.080>everything <00:31:35.340>holds

00:31:35.640 --> 00:31:39.960
together. <00:31:36.520>But <00:31:37.000>on <00:31:37.420>the <00:31:37.540>other <00:31:37.700>hand, <00:31:38.180>if <00:31:38.380>you <00:31:38.460>have <00:31:38.640>a <00:31:38.800>just <00:31:38.880>a <00:31:39.040>little <00:31:39.320>bit <00:31:39.520>of <00:31:39.660>strain

00:31:39.960 --> 00:31:42.780
relief, <00:31:40.600>then <00:31:41.180>you <00:31:41.340>can <00:31:41.480>dissipate <00:31:41.880>almost <00:31:42.120>all <00:31:42.440>that <00:31:42.540>stress.

00:31:42.780 --> 00:31:44.080
So <00:31:42.960>it's <00:31:43.000>like <00:31:43.120>the <00:31:43.220>inverse <00:31:43.520>of <00:31:43.680>the <00:31:43.760>problem.

00:31:44.280 --> 00:31:47.860
So <00:31:44.700>the <00:31:44.780>key <00:31:44.960>is <00:31:45.140>you <00:31:45.240>have <00:31:45.360>to <00:31:45.460>make <00:31:45.660>it <00:31:45.800>curved <00:31:46.240>in <00:31:46.800>all <00:31:47.000>of <00:31:47.120>the <00:31:47.240>different <00:31:47.440>dimensions.

00:31:47.980 --> 00:31:52.340
And <00:31:48.380>there's <00:31:48.520>a <00:31:48.600>mathematical <00:31:49.080>shape <00:31:50.480>called <00:31:50.860>a <00:31:51.000>triply <00:31:51.240>periodic <00:31:51.680>minimal <00:31:51.920>surface.

00:31:52.420 --> 00:31:58.800
This <00:31:52.820>one <00:31:52.940>here <00:31:53.120>is <00:31:53.240>called <00:31:53.380>a <00:31:53.520>Schwarz <00:31:53.820>diamond <00:31:55.960>that <00:31:56.360>divides <00:31:56.760>the <00:31:57.540>space <00:31:57.980>into <00:31:58.240>two <00:31:58.500>different

00:31:58.800 --> 00:32:02.420
volumes. <00:31:59.200>And <00:31:59.820>so <00:32:00.020>that's <00:32:00.120>the <00:32:00.220>perfect <00:32:00.520>sort <00:32:00.660>of <00:32:00.780>building <00:32:01.060>block <00:32:01.360>for <00:32:01.540>a <00:32:01.660>heat <00:32:01.800>exchanger, <00:32:02.360>but

00:32:02.420 --> 00:32:04.780
also <00:32:02.680>for <00:32:02.860>all <00:32:03.020>of <00:32:03.120>the <00:32:03.220>structure. <00:32:03.780>So <00:32:04.200>that's <00:32:04.360>what <00:32:04.460>we <00:32:04.580>do.

00:32:05.100 --> 00:32:09.820
And <00:32:05.500>it's <00:32:05.840>similar <00:32:06.240>to <00:32:06.560>how, <00:32:07.260>you <00:32:07.660>know, <00:32:08.020>how <00:32:08.160>does <00:32:08.300>a <00:32:08.400>gas <00:32:08.640>turbine <00:32:09.080>or <00:32:09.480>how <00:32:09.660>does <00:32:09.820>a

00:32:09.820 --> 00:32:17.040
a <00:32:10.040>rocket <00:32:10.540>nozzle <00:32:11.800>survive <00:32:12.420>even <00:32:12.900>though <00:32:13.080>the <00:32:13.420>gas <00:32:13.740>inside <00:32:14.080>is <00:32:14.260>much <00:32:14.660>much <00:32:14.820>much <00:32:14.980>hotter <00:32:15.300>than <00:32:16.040>um

00:32:18.400 --> 00:32:22.660
the <00:32:18.560>melting <00:32:18.880>point <00:32:19.240>even. <00:32:19.680>Uh <00:32:20.040>it <00:32:20.900>it's <00:32:21.520>you <00:32:21.640>do <00:32:21.800>regenerative <00:32:22.320>cooling.

00:32:22.860 --> 00:32:25.820
So <00:32:22.920>the <00:32:23.120>amount <00:32:23.300>of <00:32:23.440>air <00:32:23.660>that's <00:32:23.880>coming <00:32:24.080>in <00:32:24.320>equals <00:32:24.720>the <00:32:24.860>amount <00:32:25.020>of <00:32:25.140>air <00:32:25.260>that's <00:32:25.460>going <00:32:25.640>out,

00:32:26.080 --> 00:32:29.500
you <00:32:26.280>know, <00:32:26.360>plus <00:32:26.540>the <00:32:26.660>fuel. <00:32:27.000>So <00:32:27.400>it's <00:32:27.520>it's <00:32:27.820>cooling <00:32:28.080>on <00:32:28.260>the <00:32:28.340>way <00:32:28.500>in <00:32:28.680>plus <00:32:28.980>radiator.

00:32:32.360 --> 00:32:36.520
Yes. <00:32:33.000>Yes. <00:32:33.320>It's <00:32:33.500>both. <00:32:33.940>And <00:32:34.160>you <00:32:34.260>need <00:32:34.400>both, <00:32:34.820>but <00:32:34.920>you <00:32:35.100>can <00:32:35.540>you <00:32:35.700>you <00:32:35.940>there's <00:32:36.240>a <00:32:36.300>fair

00:32:36.520 --> 00:32:42.980
amount <00:32:36.780>of <00:32:36.960>variation <00:32:37.340>you <00:32:37.500>can <00:32:37.580>have. <00:32:38.840>Yeah. <00:32:39.240>Uh <00:32:40.080>is <00:32:40.480>there <00:32:40.660>a <00:32:40.760>nuclear <00:32:41.020>reactor <00:32:41.500>design <00:32:42.340>that

00:32:42.980 --> 00:32:46.020
sodium <00:32:43.260>in <00:32:43.590>this? <00:32:43.920>I <00:32:44.320>am <00:32:44.740>I <00:32:45.020>I <00:32:45.400>love <00:32:45.560>this <00:32:45.740>question.

00:32:46.020 --> 00:32:50.280
So <00:32:46.800>many <00:32:46.900>uh <00:32:47.460>many <00:32:47.640>nuclear <00:32:48.100>reactors <00:32:48.560>already <00:32:48.940>use <00:32:49.220>sodium <00:32:49.560>as <00:32:49.800>heat <00:32:49.980>pipes.

00:32:50.580 --> 00:32:52.400
Um <00:32:51.100>but <00:32:51.220>it's <00:32:51.340>a <00:32:51.420>relatively <00:32:51.800>lower <00:32:52.020>temperature.

00:32:52.600 --> 00:32:57.120
It <00:32:52.600>gets <00:32:52.760>to <00:32:53.020>vaporized <00:32:54.080>um <00:32:55.340>at <00:32:55.560>about <00:32:56.480>you <00:32:56.800>know <00:32:56.900>600°.

00:32:58.180 --> 00:33:04.440
Um <00:32:59.600>but <00:33:00.000>many <00:33:01.360>people <00:33:01.720>have <00:33:01.960>asked <00:33:02.220>me <00:33:02.480>hey <00:33:02.980>is <00:33:03.460>there <00:33:03.600>any <00:33:03.740>way <00:33:03.880>to <00:33:04.000>do <00:33:04.100>this <00:33:04.280>with

00:33:04.440 --> 00:33:06.520
nuclear? <00:33:05.000>And <00:33:05.120>there <00:33:05.240>is <00:33:05.520>there's <00:33:05.660>a <00:33:05.720>bunch <00:33:05.820>of <00:33:05.920>interesting <00:33:06.220>ones.

00:33:06.700 --> 00:33:12.560
Um <00:33:07.220>the <00:33:07.300>main <00:33:07.500>thing <00:33:07.700>is <00:33:07.900>it <00:33:08.060>because <00:33:08.400>it's <00:33:08.720>heat <00:33:09.020>that <00:33:09.400>is <00:33:10.100>is <00:33:10.320>being <00:33:10.580>recycled <00:33:11.140>uh <00:33:12.220>and

00:33:12.560 --> 00:33:16.880
it <00:33:12.660>gets <00:33:12.840>very <00:33:13.040>bright <00:33:13.500>that <00:33:13.720>way <00:33:14.160>then <00:33:14.480>then <00:33:14.680>you <00:33:14.820>can <00:33:14.980>use <00:33:15.260>this <00:33:15.620>this <00:33:15.880>technique <00:33:16.020>to <00:33:16.560>both

00:33:16.880 --> 00:33:20.840
spectrally <00:33:17.400>shape <00:33:17.720>and <00:33:18.160>also <00:33:18.380>make <00:33:18.640>sure <00:33:18.820>that <00:33:19.020>everything <00:33:19.480>inside <00:33:19.840>a <00:33:20.020>chamber <00:33:20.320>is <00:33:20.520>about <00:33:20.700>the

00:33:20.840 --> 00:33:26.760
same <00:33:21.000>temperature. <00:33:21.860>Same <00:33:22.020>way <00:33:22.240>that <00:33:22.480>um <00:33:24.140>heat <00:33:24.320>pipes <00:33:24.620>do <00:33:25.100>except <00:33:25.520>instead <00:33:25.800>of <00:33:25.960>heat <00:33:26.140>pipes <00:33:26.420>going

00:33:26.760 --> 00:33:30.740
out <00:33:27.100>to <00:33:27.340>another <00:33:27.680>heat <00:33:28.080>engine <00:33:28.920>it's <00:33:29.460>light <00:33:29.900>going <00:33:30.220>out <00:33:30.360>a <00:33:30.480>window.

00:33:31.260 --> 00:33:34.560
Now <00:33:31.660>the <00:33:31.760>thing <00:33:31.900>is <00:33:32.140>you <00:33:32.200>have <00:33:32.360>to <00:33:32.500>redesign <00:33:32.940>your <00:33:33.220>nuclear <00:33:33.540>reactor <00:33:34.040>completely.

00:33:34.560 --> 00:33:41.360
I <00:33:35.520>mean <00:33:36.420>this <00:33:36.860>works <00:33:37.320>nonlinearly. <00:33:38.760>Many <00:33:38.840>people <00:33:39.080>know <00:33:39.340>that <00:33:39.680>as <00:33:40.400>the <00:33:40.580>temperature <00:33:40.860>increases

00:33:41.520 --> 00:33:44.660
the <00:33:41.580>power <00:33:41.860>increases <00:33:42.360>as <00:33:42.600>T <00:33:43.000>4th <00:33:43.320>for <00:33:43.860>black <00:33:44.280>bodies.

00:33:44.800 --> 00:33:47.120
Well, <00:33:45.080>it's <00:33:45.140>even <00:33:45.300>faster <00:33:45.740>here. <00:33:46.240>It's <00:33:46.620>even <00:33:46.760>faster.

00:33:47.240 --> 00:33:51.320
It's <00:33:47.280>almost <00:33:47.460>to <00:33:47.820>the <00:33:47.920>10th <00:33:48.220>power <00:33:48.600>um <00:33:50.360>at <00:33:50.740>at <00:33:50.740>these <00:33:50.840>regimes.

00:33:51.520 --> 00:33:55.780
So <00:33:51.920>what <00:33:52.060>you <00:33:52.160>would <00:33:52.300>need <00:33:52.520>is <00:33:52.800>a <00:33:52.920>nuclear <00:33:53.240>fuel <00:33:53.720>that <00:33:54.200>is <00:33:54.320>a <00:33:54.440>ceramic <00:33:54.840>that <00:33:55.240>can <00:33:55.360>tolerate

00:33:55.780 --> 00:33:59.380
the <00:33:55.980>sodium, <00:33:56.420>tolerate <00:33:56.680>the <00:33:56.860>salt <00:33:57.540>uh <00:33:58.000>and <00:33:58.280>can <00:33:58.460>tolerate <00:33:58.740>the <00:33:58.880>high <00:33:59.040>temperature.

00:34:00.340 --> 00:34:06.840
So <00:34:00.860>there <00:34:00.980>is <00:34:01.120>such <00:34:01.280>a <00:34:01.400>thing <00:34:01.860>and <00:34:02.200>actually <00:34:02.540>the <00:34:02.620>very <00:34:02.860>best <00:34:03.340>uh <00:34:04.960>refractory <00:34:05.700>oxides <00:34:06.300>in <00:34:06.760>the

00:34:06.840 --> 00:34:14.820
universe <00:34:07.140>are <00:34:07.860>is <00:34:08.100>thorium <00:34:08.540>oxide <00:34:11.100>which <00:34:11.620>is <00:34:12.220>in <00:34:12.500>addition <00:34:12.740>to <00:34:13.040>being <00:34:13.380>a <00:34:13.680>great <00:34:13.960>nuclear <00:34:14.420>fuel

00:34:15.040 --> 00:34:23.700
because <00:34:15.260>it <00:34:15.480>is <00:34:15.760>it <00:34:15.880>is <00:34:16.080>breathable. <00:34:16.800>Uh <00:34:17.420>um <00:34:17.920>the <00:34:18.320>the <00:34:18.840>uh <00:34:21.380>it <00:34:21.700>it <00:34:22.140>you'll <00:34:23.000>burn <00:34:23.460>the

00:34:23.800 --> 00:34:29.400
the <00:34:24.280>uranium <00:34:25.120>in <00:34:25.760>place. <00:34:27.280>First <00:34:27.680>it <00:34:27.760>captures <00:34:28.080>the <00:34:28.220>neutron, <00:34:28.560>becomes <00:34:28.780>uranium, <00:34:29.220>and <00:34:29.240>then <00:34:29.320>it

00:34:29.400 --> 00:34:33.080
burns <00:34:29.600>the <00:34:29.740>uranium. <00:34:30.960>So <00:34:31.280>when <00:34:31.480>both <00:34:31.820>of <00:34:31.920>those <00:34:32.080>things <00:34:32.240>happen, <00:34:32.620>you <00:34:32.700>can <00:34:32.800>solve

00:34:33.080 --> 00:34:37.880
proliferation. <00:34:33.640>I <00:34:33.780>I <00:34:33.940>think <00:34:34.600>although <00:34:35.640>you <00:34:35.940>know <00:34:36.080>there's <00:34:36.240>still <00:34:36.380>some <00:34:36.580>other <00:34:36.800>edge <00:34:37.380>cases <00:34:37.820>like

00:34:37.880 --> 00:34:40.600
if <00:34:38.000>you're <00:34:38.240>if <00:34:38.340>you <00:34:38.420>have <00:34:38.520>a <00:34:38.600>neutron <00:34:38.900>fluence, <00:34:39.360>you <00:34:39.440>can <00:34:39.540>do <00:34:39.800>you <00:34:40.100>can <00:34:40.200>do <00:34:40.280>stuff <00:34:40.460>with

00:34:40.600 --> 00:34:46.100
that. <00:34:40.780>But <00:34:41.440>um <00:34:42.560>you <00:34:42.880>can <00:34:43.080>design <00:34:43.560>a <00:34:44.000>system <00:34:44.320>that <00:34:44.920>is <00:34:45.400>an <00:34:45.600>amplifier.

00:34:46.100 --> 00:34:49.960
This <00:34:46.560>is <00:34:46.660>my <00:34:46.800>favorite <00:34:47.320>where <00:34:47.820>you <00:34:48.160>you <00:34:48.480>start <00:34:48.740>with <00:34:48.880>a <00:34:49.020>seed <00:34:49.500>fusion.

00:34:50.140 --> 00:34:54.660
The <00:34:50.220>fusion <00:34:50.580>doesn't <00:34:50.900>generate <00:34:51.240>much <00:34:51.600>power <00:34:52.380>uh <00:34:52.980>versus <00:34:53.280>how <00:34:53.520>much <00:34:53.680>you <00:34:53.800>put <00:34:53.980>out, <00:34:54.220>but <00:34:54.280>it <00:34:54.400>does

00:34:54.660 --> 00:34:59.760
generate <00:34:55.000>neutrons. <00:34:55.740>the <00:34:55.800>neutrons <00:34:56.240>multiply <00:34:56.740>in <00:34:57.120>the <00:34:57.220>nuke <00:34:57.660>and <00:34:58.040>you <00:34:58.380>get <00:34:58.580>about <00:34:59.100>16 <00:34:59.400>times <00:34:59.620>the

00:34:59.760 --> 00:35:08.220
energy <00:34:59.980>out <00:35:00.200>per <00:35:00.520>fision <00:35:01.140>and <00:35:01.800>you <00:35:02.240>get <00:35:02.560>one <00:35:03.960>over <00:35:04.980>uh <00:35:05.500>one <00:35:05.720>minus <00:35:06.060>k <00:35:06.680>for <00:35:07.740>multiplication.

00:35:08.220 --> 00:35:13.100
So <00:35:08.620>you <00:35:08.720>can <00:35:08.800>get <00:35:08.960>like <00:35:09.240>2,000 <00:35:09.540>times <00:35:09.740>as <00:35:09.900>much <00:35:10.060>energy <00:35:10.380>out <00:35:10.640>uh <00:35:11.440>per <00:35:11.720>per <00:35:12.200>fusion <00:35:12.780>which

00:35:13.100 --> 00:35:16.740
means <00:35:13.400>that <00:35:13.880>you <00:35:14.120>can <00:35:14.260>run <00:35:14.460>fusion <00:35:14.840>at <00:35:15.180>much <00:35:15.660>much <00:35:15.840>lower <00:35:16.200>than <00:35:16.440>Q.

00:35:17.020 --> 00:35:18.740
Uh <00:35:17.400>and <00:35:17.560>so <00:35:17.700>you <00:35:17.840>can <00:35:17.940>have <00:35:18.040>a <00:35:18.120>tiny <00:35:18.340>little <00:35:18.540>thing.

00:35:19.000 --> 00:35:23.840
You <00:35:19.420>can <00:35:19.520>imagine, <00:35:20.300>you <00:35:20.420>know, <00:35:20.540>having <00:35:20.740>a <00:35:20.980>completely <00:35:21.580>nuclearpowered <00:35:22.580>propulsion <00:35:23.380>system

00:35:23.840 --> 00:35:26.920
that <00:35:24.520>you <00:35:25.660>never <00:35:25.900>need <00:35:26.060>to <00:35:26.180>refuel <00:35:26.580>basically.

00:35:27.940 --> 00:35:36.400
And <00:35:28.360>that's <00:35:28.600>very <00:35:28.680>interesting. <00:35:28.940>Yeah. <00:35:31.980>Um, <00:35:33.100>let's <00:35:33.460>say <00:35:33.640>I'm <00:35:33.980>a <00:35:34.080>killer <00:35:34.180>and <00:35:34.240>I <00:35:34.960>need <00:35:35.320>a <00:35:35.700>lot

00:35:38.760 --> 00:35:57.500
through <00:35:39.300>like <00:35:39.620>what? <00:35:48.440>Uh, <00:35:49.180>yeah. <00:35:49.680>So, <00:35:50.540>um, <00:35:51.080>we <00:35:53.760>think <00:35:54.320>that <00:35:54.740>we'll <00:35:54.960>be <00:35:55.100>able <00:35:55.360>to <00:35:55.580>get <00:35:56.360>in

00:35:57.500 --> 00:36:02.440
a <00:35:57.620>modular <00:35:58.120>system <00:35:59.040>about <00:35:59.860>10 <00:36:00.360>megawatts, <00:36:00.980>maybe <00:36:01.120>more <00:36:01.720>in <00:36:01.780>a <00:36:01.880>shipping <00:36:02.140>container.

00:36:03.080 --> 00:36:07.720
Uh, <00:36:03.700>I <00:36:03.980>we <00:36:04.100>might <00:36:04.280>need <00:36:04.400>to <00:36:04.540>be <00:36:04.680>more <00:36:04.880>competitive <00:36:05.320>than <00:36:05.540>this <00:36:05.880>because <00:36:06.180>boom <00:36:06.700>supersonic <00:36:07.480>is

00:36:07.720 --> 00:36:12.000
saying <00:36:07.940>42 <00:36:08.340>megawatts, <00:36:09.140>although <00:36:09.260>no <00:36:09.440>one <00:36:09.560>has <00:36:09.680>ever <00:36:09.840>demonstrated <00:36:10.260>that <00:36:10.560>within <00:36:11.560>a <00:36:11.680>factor

00:36:12.200 --> 00:36:18.660
within <00:36:12.620>an <00:36:12.740>order <00:36:12.900>of <00:36:13.000>magnitude. <00:36:13.460>we <00:36:14.500>but <00:36:15.520>um <00:36:16.340>those <00:36:16.600>could <00:36:16.760>just <00:36:16.920>be <00:36:17.120>stacked <00:36:17.500>up <00:36:18.000>at <00:36:18.500>the

00:36:18.660 --> 00:36:23.240
larger <00:36:19.040>scale <00:36:19.440>where <00:36:19.680>you're <00:36:19.880>doing <00:36:20.040>kind <00:36:20.240>of <00:36:20.380>a <00:36:20.500>monolithic <00:36:21.040>thing <00:36:21.720>like <00:36:22.440>the <00:36:22.600>super <00:36:22.880>heavy

00:36:23.240 --> 00:36:32.260
going <00:36:23.980>into <00:36:24.360>a <00:36:24.620>salt <00:36:24.900>bowl <00:36:25.960>surrounded <00:36:26.720>by <00:36:27.000>a <00:36:27.140>tower <00:36:27.600>of <00:36:28.480>uh <00:36:29.540>like <00:36:29.800>an <00:36:29.940>giant <00:36:30.700>cathedral <00:36:31.780>tower

00:36:32.260 --> 00:36:39.040
of <00:36:32.680>uh <00:36:33.820>silicon <00:36:34.020>cells <00:36:34.780>where <00:36:35.260>they're <00:36:35.640>designed <00:36:36.100>to <00:36:36.420>handle <00:36:36.800>not <00:36:37.760>just <00:36:37.980>one <00:36:38.260>sun <00:36:38.520>of <00:36:38.680>intensity

00:36:39.200 --> 00:36:44.960
but <00:36:39.240>maybe <00:36:39.420>up <00:36:39.560>to <00:36:39.680>20 <00:36:39.980>suns <00:36:40.340>of <00:36:40.460>intensity. <00:36:40.860>Um, <00:36:42.200>it's <00:36:42.400>like <00:36:42.600>pretty <00:36:43.600>big <00:36:43.860>skyscraper <00:36:44.600>type

00:36:44.960 --> 00:36:54.140
thing, <00:36:46.260>but <00:36:46.660>a <00:36:47.420>single <00:36:47.660>installation <00:36:48.160>could <00:36:48.580>equal <00:36:48.940>the <00:36:49.120>amount <00:36:49.400>of <00:36:49.920>electricity <00:36:51.140>uh <00:36:53.720>capacity

00:36:54.140 --> 00:36:57.980
added <00:36:54.700>to <00:36:55.040>to <00:36:55.260>the <00:36:55.380>electrical <00:36:55.700>grid <00:36:55.940>in <00:36:56.080>the <00:36:56.160>United <00:36:56.340>States <00:36:56.940>in <00:36:57.100>in <00:36:57.260>one <00:36:57.500>installation.

00:36:57.980 --> 00:37:00.780
So, <00:36:58.940>but <00:36:59.020>it, <00:36:59.440>you <00:36:59.660>know, <00:36:59.780>it's <00:36:59.940>still <00:37:00.060>a <00:37:00.200>mega <00:37:00.640>structure.

00:37:00.780 --> 00:37:05.960
It's <00:37:00.780>like <00:37:00.880>hundreds <00:37:02.400>of <00:37:02.800>meters <00:37:03.200>tall, <00:37:03.880>like <00:37:04.560>been <00:37:04.560>very <00:37:05.100>large <00:37:05.300>and <00:37:05.580>very <00:37:05.720>bright.

00:37:06.500 --> 00:37:09.260
Um, <00:37:07.340>but <00:37:07.520>you <00:37:07.780>know, <00:37:08.000>it's <00:37:08.340>not <00:37:08.420>like <00:37:08.540>we <00:37:08.640>haven't <00:37:08.900>built <00:37:09.060>those.

00:37:09.360 --> 00:37:14.700
I <00:37:09.360>mean, <00:37:10.120>literally <00:37:10.320>the <00:37:10.620>Starship <00:37:10.980>Super <00:37:11.200>Heavy <00:37:11.580>330 <00:37:12.040>gawatt <00:37:13.080>of <00:37:13.980>fuel <00:37:14.460>rate.

00:37:14.700 --> 00:37:18.860
And <00:37:15.120>so <00:37:15.260>we <00:37:15.380>could <00:37:15.500>probably <00:37:15.920>convert, <00:37:16.400>you <00:37:16.620>know, <00:37:17.440>a <00:37:17.760>third <00:37:17.940>of <00:37:18.100>that <00:37:18.300>up <00:37:18.460>to <00:37:18.580>a <00:37:18.680>half

00:37:19.020 --> 00:37:32.120
that. <00:37:27.760>Well, <00:37:28.220>because <00:37:28.400>it's <00:37:28.680>so <00:37:28.860>super <00:37:29.180>linear, <00:37:29.520>you <00:37:30.120>Yeah, <00:37:30.500>I <00:37:30.680>mean, <00:37:30.820>you <00:37:30.940>can <00:37:31.280>you <00:37:31.680>can <00:37:32.000>you

00:37:32.120 --> 00:37:36.780
can <00:37:32.300>see <00:37:32.520>it. <00:37:32.820>Oh. <00:37:33.040>Uh, <00:37:33.260>what <00:37:34.120>uh <00:37:34.680>what <00:37:34.980>temperature <00:37:35.260>is <00:37:35.380>necessary <00:37:35.760>to <00:37:35.900>see <00:37:36.100>the <00:37:36.240>night <00:37:36.540>yellow

00:37:36.780 --> 00:37:41.380
light? <00:37:37.040>So <00:37:37.400>you <00:37:37.640>can <00:37:37.880>see <00:37:38.180>it <00:37:38.400>if <00:37:38.640>you've <00:37:38.900>got <00:37:39.080>salt <00:37:39.380>around <00:37:39.700>on <00:37:40.060>just <00:37:40.260>like <00:37:40.460>any <00:37:40.840>open

00:37:41.380 --> 00:37:43.260
flame <00:37:41.980>like <00:37:42.060>natural <00:37:42.360>gas <00:37:42.640>flame <00:37:42.900>or <00:37:43.000>whatever.

00:37:43.300 --> 00:37:47.820
You <00:37:43.420>can <00:37:43.520>already <00:37:43.740>see <00:37:43.940>it. <00:37:44.320>Um <00:37:44.900>I've <00:37:45.060>seen <00:37:45.560>but <00:37:46.480>it's <00:37:47.140>super <00:37:47.480>linear.

00:37:48.280 --> 00:37:50.780
It's <00:37:48.760>like <00:37:48.920>really <00:37:49.360>really <00:37:49.640>really <00:37:49.800>to <00:37:50.020>a <00:37:50.200>high <00:37:50.400>degree.

00:37:51.000 --> 00:37:55.640
Uh <00:37:51.540>and <00:37:51.740>so <00:37:51.820>as <00:37:52.080>you <00:37:52.180>increase <00:37:52.540>the <00:37:52.660>temperatures <00:37:52.980>so <00:37:53.420>so <00:37:53.760>for <00:37:53.980>us <00:37:54.500>the <00:37:54.640>design <00:37:54.980>point <00:37:55.300>is

00:37:55.640 --> 00:38:00.340
you <00:37:56.080>want <00:37:56.340>the <00:37:56.560>the <00:37:56.980>flame <00:37:57.520>plasma <00:37:57.960>to <00:37:58.260>be <00:37:58.440>at <00:37:58.620>least <00:37:58.940>at <00:37:59.140>the <00:37:59.220>boiling <00:37:59.480>temperature <00:37:59.880>of <00:38:00.060>salt

00:38:00.520 --> 00:38:07.480
which <00:38:00.740>is <00:38:00.900>1400° <00:38:01.860>C. <00:38:02.120>And <00:38:03.060>then <00:38:03.740>I <00:38:04.860>ideally <00:38:05.000>you <00:38:05.380>actually <00:38:05.780>drive <00:38:06.180>it <00:38:06.520>so <00:38:06.780>that <00:38:06.960>the <00:38:07.200>the

00:38:07.580 --> 00:38:10.880
the <00:38:07.780>chemical <00:38:08.140>reaction <00:38:08.680>is <00:38:08.960>held <00:38:09.240>near <00:38:09.560>3,000° <00:38:10.600>C.

00:38:11.100 --> 00:38:16.020
Uh <00:38:11.780>yeah. <00:38:12.480>Um <00:38:12.760>with <00:38:12.940>preheated <00:38:13.640>air <00:38:14.560>or <00:38:14.960>oxygen <00:38:15.460>and <00:38:15.800>fuel.

00:38:16.680 --> 00:38:27.420
Yes. <00:38:20.960>It's <00:38:21.600>a <00:38:21.780>good <00:38:21.900>question. <00:38:22.780>Um <00:38:23.020>we <00:38:23.500>should <00:38:23.600>talk <00:38:23.820>after <00:38:24.460>uh <00:38:26.560>there <00:38:26.900>are <00:38:27.020>a <00:38:27.140>lot <00:38:27.300>of

00:38:27.420 --> 00:38:30.140
things <00:38:27.740>that <00:38:28.140>you <00:38:28.340>definitely <00:38:28.700>want <00:38:29.080>in <00:38:29.320>a <00:38:29.400>nuclear <00:38:29.680>reactor.

00:38:30.460 --> 00:38:36.560
One <00:38:30.600>is <00:38:30.860>passive <00:38:31.300>stability. <00:38:32.400>So <00:38:33.380>um <00:38:34.580>not <00:38:34.860>liquid <00:38:35.200>but <00:38:35.560>actually <00:38:35.900>super <00:38:36.220>critical.

00:38:36.840 --> 00:38:43.520
So <00:38:37.220>if <00:38:38.100>you <00:38:38.200>have <00:38:38.400>a <00:38:38.520>moderator <00:38:38.980>that <00:38:39.480>is <00:38:39.960>dutyium <00:38:41.420>oxide <00:38:41.780>and <00:38:42.020>sodium <00:38:42.240>chloride <00:38:42.600>and <00:38:43.300>super

00:38:43.520 --> 00:38:52.900
critical <00:38:44.500>that <00:38:44.600>works <00:38:44.820>great. <00:38:45.660>Uh <00:38:46.720>we <00:38:46.880>can <00:38:46.960>talk <00:38:47.080>about <00:38:50.640>when <00:38:50.940>you <00:38:51.120>scale <00:38:51.440>up <00:38:51.820>uh <00:38:52.360>IPS <00:38:52.680>hall

00:38:53.000 --> 00:38:58.920
it <00:38:53.040>will <00:38:53.200>bench <00:38:53.820>all <00:38:53.880>the <00:38:54.240>so <00:38:55.100>does <00:38:55.260>much <00:38:55.540>bigger <00:38:55.760>column <00:38:56.160>or <00:38:56.360>you <00:38:56.780>more <00:38:57.140>and <00:38:57.260>more <00:38:58.600>yeah

00:38:59.080 --> 00:39:04.080
I <00:38:59.080>mean <00:38:59.340>at <00:38:59.420>some <00:38:59.620>point <00:38:59.880>it's <00:39:00.240>it's <00:39:00.520>the <00:39:00.640>practical <00:39:01.200>fabrication <00:39:02.000>limit <00:39:02.660>that's <00:39:02.820>the <00:39:03.180>that's

00:39:04.080 --> 00:39:08.180
the <00:39:04.180>limit <00:39:04.420>at <00:39:04.880>the <00:39:05.060>time. <00:39:05.660>Uh <00:39:06.140>one <00:39:06.360>scale <00:39:06.660>I <00:39:06.840>like <00:39:07.000>to <00:39:07.120>think <00:39:07.260>about <00:39:07.500>is <00:39:08.060>you <00:39:08.120>know

00:39:08.260 --> 00:39:11.560
those <00:39:08.400>backyard <00:39:09.100>we've <00:39:09.240>got <00:39:09.420>I <00:39:09.480>think <00:39:09.600>there's <00:39:09.760>a <00:39:09.840>bunch <00:39:09.940>of <00:39:10.120>backyard <00:39:10.560>heaters <00:39:11.020>with <00:39:11.160>a <00:39:11.240>quartz

00:39:11.560 --> 00:39:14.060
tube. <00:39:12.340>Those <00:39:12.820>quartz <00:39:13.100>tubes <00:39:13.360>are <00:39:13.560>mass-produced.

00:39:14.540 --> 00:39:15.900
They're <00:39:14.640>so <00:39:14.800>cheap. <00:39:15.160>They're <00:39:15.240>like <00:39:15.380>40 <00:39:15.640>bucks.

00:39:15.900 --> 00:39:20.520
One <00:39:16.940>of <00:39:17.100>those <00:39:17.400>things <00:39:17.660>could <00:39:17.960>probably <00:39:18.400>handle <00:39:18.740>about <00:39:19.020>100 <00:39:19.720>kilowatts.

00:39:20.520 --> 00:39:25.320
So <00:39:21.260>that <00:39:21.760>is <00:39:22.080>sort <00:39:22.280>of <00:39:22.420>the <00:39:22.660>modular <00:39:23.120>scale <00:39:23.500>size <00:39:23.980>where <00:39:24.200>if <00:39:24.360>you <00:39:24.460>have <00:39:24.740>a <00:39:24.940>hundred <00:39:25.120>of

00:39:25.320 --> 00:39:32.080
those, <00:39:26.340>you <00:39:26.840>know, <00:39:27.120>10 <00:39:27.200>x <00:39:27.320>10 <00:39:27.600>in <00:39:28.060>a <00:39:28.140>shipping <00:39:28.220>container, <00:39:28.960>that's <00:39:29.720>10 <00:39:29.940>megawatts <00:39:30.660>and <00:39:31.040>that's <00:39:31.660>uh

00:39:33.140 --> 00:39:38.900
pretty <00:39:33.380>interesting. <00:39:35.420>Um <00:39:36.520>as <00:39:36.780>you <00:39:36.940>get <00:39:37.120>larger <00:39:37.440>and <00:39:37.620>larger, <00:39:38.080>you <00:39:38.160>have <00:39:38.340>to <00:39:38.480>start <00:39:38.680>doing

00:39:38.900 --> 00:39:43.080
construction <00:39:39.460>that <00:39:39.680>is <00:39:39.800>tile <00:39:40.140>based. <00:39:40.640>This <00:39:40.780>is <00:39:40.900>the <00:39:41.000>same <00:39:41.160>thing <00:39:41.380>with <00:39:41.940>uh <00:39:42.420>fusion <00:39:42.720>reactors.

00:39:44.560 --> 00:39:46.220
See, <00:39:45.000>you <00:39:45.440>have <00:39:45.540>to <00:39:45.620>do <00:39:45.720>something <00:39:45.920>different.

00:39:46.420 --> 00:39:50.580
And <00:39:46.500>instead <00:39:46.780>of <00:39:46.940>using <00:39:47.220>a <00:39:47.420>glass <00:39:47.940>containment, <00:39:48.780>you'll <00:39:49.220>actually <00:39:49.500>use <00:39:49.780>the <00:39:49.900>air <00:39:50.120>itself.

00:39:51.660 --> 00:40:01.780
If <00:39:52.140>you <00:39:52.280>have <00:39:52.740>um <00:39:53.340>I <00:39:53.460>mean <00:39:55.720>you <00:39:56.080>you <00:39:56.240>you <00:39:58.540>instead <00:39:58.800>of <00:39:59.000>having <00:39:59.260>the <00:39:59.420>wall <00:39:59.860>be <00:40:01.000>right

00:40:01.780 --> 00:40:06.900
up <00:40:01.960>against <00:40:02.280>this <00:40:02.580>extremely <00:40:03.020>high <00:40:03.340>temperature <00:40:03.720>thing, <00:40:04.360>we <00:40:05.000>have <00:40:05.220>like <00:40:05.360>a <00:40:05.500>swirling <00:40:06.000>column <00:40:06.400>of

00:40:06.900 --> 00:40:11.120
air <00:40:07.080>in <00:40:07.780>inside <00:40:08.200>the <00:40:08.460>inside <00:40:08.840>the <00:40:09.040>tube. <00:40:09.340>And <00:40:09.380>that <00:40:09.500>keeps <00:40:09.740>it <00:40:09.900>off <00:40:10.160>of <00:40:10.500>of <00:40:10.740>the <00:40:10.880>wall

00:40:11.120 --> 00:40:12.860
because <00:40:11.560>it's <00:40:11.760>it's <00:40:12.020>heavier <00:40:12.280>because <00:40:12.480>it's <00:40:12.620>colder.

00:40:13.380 --> 00:40:17.020
Um, <00:40:14.280>so <00:40:14.760>but <00:40:15.300>you <00:40:15.580>still <00:40:15.800>need <00:40:15.920>to <00:40:16.000>get <00:40:16.100>the <00:40:16.220>energy <00:40:16.480>out <00:40:16.680>somehow.

00:40:17.020 --> 00:40:22.320
So <00:40:17.760>there's <00:40:18.340>there's <00:40:18.580>there's <00:40:18.880>got <00:40:19.020>to <00:40:19.020>be <00:40:19.400>um <00:40:20.680>so <00:40:20.860>we're <00:40:21.020>probably <00:40:21.460>it's <00:40:21.620>probably <00:40:21.880>not <00:40:22.060>ideal

00:40:22.320 --> 00:40:24.780
to <00:40:22.480>do <00:40:22.620>an <00:40:22.620>an <00:40:22.800>open <00:40:23.320>system. <00:40:23.820>You <00:40:23.840>probably <00:40:24.140>want <00:40:24.360>a <00:40:24.440>cavity.

00:40:24.780 --> 00:40:30.680
And <00:40:25.480>we've <00:40:26.880>experimented <00:40:27.440>with <00:40:27.620>basically <00:40:28.780>quartz, <00:40:29.420>which <00:40:29.500>is <00:40:29.620>great, <00:40:29.920>but <00:40:30.020>eventually <00:40:30.380>gets

00:40:30.680 --> 00:40:36.760
corroded <00:40:31.180>by <00:40:31.340>the <00:40:31.520>salt. <00:40:32.820>Um <00:40:33.220>sapphire, <00:40:33.860>which <00:40:33.960>is <00:40:34.060>great, <00:40:34.520>but <00:40:34.900>but <00:40:35.080>it <00:40:35.200>can <00:40:35.300>crack <00:40:35.560>and <00:40:36.300>you're

00:40:36.760 --> 00:40:44.220
terrified <00:40:37.060>about <00:40:37.260>it <00:40:37.400>because <00:40:37.520>it <00:40:37.620>can <00:40:37.760>build <00:40:38.200>up <00:40:38.400>strength <00:40:39.120>uh <00:40:39.440>stress <00:40:40.180>and <00:40:40.580>um <00:40:43.800>amorphous

00:40:44.220 --> 00:40:51.020
aluminina <00:40:45.540>which <00:40:45.820>is <00:40:46.000>which <00:40:46.360>is <00:40:46.480>pressed <00:40:46.800>together <00:40:47.120>in <00:40:47.320>something <00:40:47.500>called <00:40:47.800>uh <00:40:48.780>hipping <00:40:49.360>uh <00:40:50.840>uh

00:40:51.300 --> 00:40:56.080
which <00:40:51.500>makes <00:40:52.700>all <00:40:52.860>the <00:40:52.980>grains <00:40:53.280>stick <00:40:53.740>together <00:40:54.060>and <00:40:54.240>it <00:40:54.340>makes <00:40:54.500>it <00:40:54.600>translucent <00:40:55.260>but <00:40:55.660>we <00:40:55.920>don't

00:40:56.080 --> 00:40:58.540
use <00:40:56.260>that <00:40:56.440>as <00:40:56.620>much <00:40:56.800>for <00:40:57.040>experiment <00:40:57.420>because <00:40:57.620>we <00:40:57.740>can't <00:40:57.920>see <00:40:58.060>through <00:40:58.240>the <00:40:58.360>thing.

00:40:58.540 --> 00:41:03.040
So <00:40:59.100>but <00:40:59.360>that's <00:40:59.620>what <00:40:59.720>everybody <00:40:59.980>uses <00:41:00.240>for <00:41:00.440>high <00:41:00.640>pressure <00:41:00.880>sodium <00:41:01.220>lamps <00:41:01.720>which <00:41:02.520>have <00:41:02.880>like

00:41:03.040 --> 00:41:07.100
75% <00:41:03.880>radiative <00:41:04.340>efficiency <00:41:05.160>although <00:41:05.520>not <00:41:05.720>all <00:41:05.940>of <00:41:06.040>it <00:41:06.140>is <00:41:06.280>in <00:41:06.420>light <00:41:06.580>that <00:41:06.620>you <00:41:06.760>can <00:41:06.880>see.

00:41:07.220 --> 00:41:14.380
Oh. <00:41:10.200>Uh, <00:41:10.380>looks <00:41:10.620>like <00:41:10.800>we're <00:41:11.380>we <00:41:11.380>got <00:41:11.520>room <00:41:12.080>for <00:41:12.300>one <00:41:12.580>more <00:41:12.960>question.

00:41:14.620 --> 00:41:17.240
Uh, <00:41:15.300>I <00:41:15.380>think <00:41:15.600>you <00:41:15.880>you <00:41:16.140>were <00:41:16.320>going <00:41:16.680>to <00:41:16.740>ask <00:41:16.920>something.

00:41:17.240 --> 00:41:34.300
No, <00:41:19.340>nobody <00:41:19.860>else. <00:41:20.540>All <00:41:20.980>right. <00:41:21.580>Yes. <00:41:29.360>Haha. <00:41:30.080>Uh, <00:41:30.940>you <00:41:31.180>need <00:41:31.440>you <00:41:33.380>need <00:41:33.580>special <00:41:33.960>juice.

00:41:34.840 --> 00:41:41.460
Um, <00:41:35.580>one <00:41:35.760>thing <00:41:36.000>is <00:41:36.460>that <00:41:36.740>we <00:41:37.120>kind <00:41:39.380>of <00:41:39.520>call <00:41:39.720>it, <00:41:39.860>you <00:41:40.000>know, <00:41:40.120>fundraising <00:41:40.580>by <00:41:40.900>stunts.

00:41:41.600 --> 00:41:46.060
You <00:41:41.900>know, <00:41:42.000>we <00:41:42.060>do <00:41:42.180>all <00:41:42.340>these <00:41:42.580>kind <00:41:42.780>of <00:41:43.000>engineering <00:41:43.520>things <00:41:44.240>and <00:41:44.400>we <00:41:44.660>whatever <00:41:45.420>scientific

00:41:46.060 --> 00:41:50.120
information <00:41:46.560>we <00:41:46.780>can <00:41:46.880>gather, <00:41:47.160>but <00:41:47.300>also <00:41:47.640>we <00:41:48.200>try <00:41:48.320>to <00:41:48.440>show <00:41:48.660>as <00:41:48.840>many <00:41:49.020>people <00:41:49.280>as <00:41:49.440>possible <00:41:49.860>with

00:41:50.120 --> 00:41:54.180
their <00:41:50.260>own <00:41:50.420>eyes. <00:41:50.720>I <00:41:51.360>didn't <00:41:51.560>bring <00:41:51.700>it <00:41:51.820>this <00:41:52.120>this <00:41:52.600>year, <00:41:52.980>but <00:41:53.060>last <00:41:53.460>year <00:41:53.640>we <00:41:53.780>had <00:41:53.960>a

00:41:54.180 --> 00:41:57.800
big <00:41:54.620>uh <00:41:54.840>light <00:41:55.060>cell <00:41:55.680>um <00:41:56.140>operating <00:41:56.440>in <00:41:57.160>one <00:41:57.280>of <00:41:57.360>the <00:41:57.440>gardens.

00:41:57.800 --> 00:42:01.680
It <00:41:57.800>lit <00:41:58.240>up <00:41:58.400>the <00:41:58.480>whole <00:41:58.620>thing. <00:41:59.400>Um, <00:42:00.360>so <00:42:00.740>that's <00:42:01.180>one <00:42:01.380>thing.

00:42:01.680 --> 00:42:06.260
I <00:42:01.680>I <00:42:02.000>had <00:42:02.320>previously <00:42:02.920>raised <00:42:04.020>a <00:42:04.200>bunch <00:42:04.360>of <00:42:04.480>money <00:42:04.640>for <00:42:04.860>my <00:42:05.140>previous <00:42:05.460>company, <00:42:05.860>Light <00:42:06.000>Sale

00:42:06.260 --> 00:42:08.400
Energy, <00:42:06.720>which <00:42:06.820>was <00:42:06.960>compressed <00:42:07.300>air <00:42:07.500>energy <00:42:08.080>storage.

00:42:09.140 --> 00:42:12.420
And <00:42:09.580>so <00:42:09.720>I <00:42:09.860>had <00:42:10.060>some <00:42:10.300>reputation <00:42:10.740>from <00:42:11.020>that. <00:42:11.380>So <00:42:11.660>that <00:42:11.780>made <00:42:11.960>it <00:42:12.100>easier.

00:42:12.860 --> 00:42:16.120
It <00:42:13.300>didn't <00:42:13.460>make <00:42:13.620>it <00:42:13.700>easy. <00:42:14.700>And <00:42:15.140>uh <00:42:15.420>and <00:42:15.560>we're <00:42:15.660>still <00:42:15.780>fundraising.

00:42:16.400 --> 00:42:21.880
So, <00:42:16.880>you <00:42:16.960>know, <00:42:17.480>um <00:42:18.000>it <00:42:18.220>would <00:42:18.400>probably <00:42:18.840>be <00:42:19.120>easier <00:42:19.680>if <00:42:20.200>I <00:42:20.440>used <00:42:20.880>all <00:42:21.160>the <00:42:21.320>AI <00:42:21.560>stuff

00:42:21.880 --> 00:42:24.180
that <00:42:22.060>I'm <00:42:22.240>doing <00:42:22.460>and <00:42:22.620>be <00:42:22.680>like, <00:42:22.920>we're <00:42:23.160>we're <00:42:23.360>just <00:42:23.500>an <00:42:23.620>AI <00:42:23.840>company.

00:42:24.180 --> 00:42:30.680
However, <00:42:24.820>I <00:42:25.000>insist <00:42:25.600>that <00:42:26.040>since <00:42:26.300>it's <00:42:26.540>energy <00:42:27.260>to <00:42:27.800>AI <00:42:28.260>and <00:42:29.240>this <00:42:29.500>is <00:42:29.640>the <00:42:29.780>relevant <00:42:30.140>durable

00:42:30.680 --> 00:42:37.320
constraint <00:42:31.620>and <00:42:32.300>that <00:42:32.440>we're <00:42:32.600>using <00:42:33.000>the <00:42:33.180>AI <00:42:33.460>to <00:42:33.700>understand <00:42:34.380>you <00:42:34.380>how <00:42:35.760>to <00:42:36.020>actually <00:42:36.400>enact <00:42:36.820>our

00:42:37.320 --> 00:42:41.960
our <00:42:38.080>company <00:42:38.500>h <00:42:38.700>how <00:42:39.440>how <00:42:39.560>to <00:42:39.680>build <00:42:39.840>everything <00:42:40.300>and <00:42:40.320>it's <00:42:40.480>a <00:42:40.560>huge <00:42:40.800>intuition <00:42:41.280>pump <00:42:41.560>for <00:42:41.780>like

00:42:41.960 --> 00:42:47.200
pushing <00:42:42.600>the <00:42:42.780>AI <00:42:43.020>to <00:42:43.200>the <00:42:43.320>limits <00:42:43.700>and <00:42:44.180>we're <00:42:44.360>sitting <00:42:44.600>in <00:42:44.780>San <00:42:44.940>Francisco <00:42:45.340>that <00:42:46.020>these <00:42:46.880>things

00:42:47.200 --> 00:43:00.760
reinforce <00:42:47.700>each <00:42:47.920>other. <00:42:56.460>Uh, <00:42:56.780>and <00:42:57.100>so <00:42:57.120>that's <00:43:00.560>how <00:43:00.720>we <00:43:00.720>keep <00:43:00.720>raising <00:43:00.740>money.