1 00:00:04,280 --> 00:00:07,760 We're making something that's called a thermopoltaic device. 2 00:00:08,100 --> 00:00:11,680 It's an alternative way to make power that doesn't use steam or turbines. 3 00:00:11,920 --> 00:00:16,980 It uses the fact that you can shape and scale the amount of energy that comes 4 00:00:16,980 --> 00:00:23,120 out of a flame uh as light and tune the PV cells that can absorb that 5 00:00:23,120 --> 00:00:27,280 light uh and turn it into electricity. And so people always ask, you know, how does 6 00:00:27,280 --> 00:00:30,840 this scale? you know, does it work well when it is really small? 7 00:00:31,120 --> 00:00:35,060 Does it work well when it's really big? And the crazy thing about it is it 8 00:00:35,060 --> 00:00:41,880 seems that the the physics does scale across like all the way down from a single 9 00:00:41,880 --> 00:00:49,620 sodium atom to uh imaginable Dyson sphere around Sagittarius uh a the super massive 10 00:00:49,620 --> 00:00:52,960 black hole in the center of our galaxy. So how does this work? 11 00:00:52,960 --> 00:00:59,720 Um so basically uh I I say that uh you can define a Dyson sphere as 12 00:00:59,720 --> 00:01:04,520 like you have a luminous object that has energy that is that is surrounded by 13 00:01:04,520 --> 00:01:11,120 hopefully an insulated set of solar cells or or a PV cells that photovoltaic cells 14 00:01:11,120 --> 00:01:16,120 rather that convert that light energy into useful electricity so you can do work 15 00:01:18,200 --> 00:01:24,240 and you start with the atom. So, this is actually a uh real time Schrodinger 16 00:01:24,240 --> 00:01:26,900 evolved. Let me see if I where's my where's my cursor? 17 00:01:27,220 --> 00:01:32,560 There it is. All right. This is actually a real time uh Schroinger equation for the 18 00:01:32,560 --> 00:01:35,580 sodium atom. And it's basically I had never seen this. 19 00:01:35,660 --> 00:01:38,760 This was not this was not available when I was a physicist physics student. 20 00:01:38,760 --> 00:01:42,780 Um but uh it's running in the browser. It can work in your phone. 21 00:01:42,780 --> 00:01:45,800 Uh all this stuff is going to be up on Dyson Sphere. 22 00:01:46,020 --> 00:01:55,060 FYI fyi. Um and uh basically sodium and all the alkali atoms are special because 23 00:01:55,060 --> 00:02:00,460 they have essentially they've got a full shell uh and the nucleus and that's all 24 00:02:00,460 --> 00:02:04,760 tight together and doesn't interact much you know full molecule and then on the 25 00:02:04,760 --> 00:02:09,400 outside you have an easily excited I like to call it an incel electron which can 26 00:02:09,400 --> 00:02:16,360 easily be knocked around and it turns out they're rather single-minded so they can 27 00:02:16,360 --> 00:02:19,960 very rapidly um they basically work as a dipole. 28 00:02:20,080 --> 00:02:24,620 The electron moves back and forth and then u and then the much heavier nucleus with 29 00:02:24,620 --> 00:02:28,700 all the cells has an opposite charge and so it moves back and forth and not 30 00:02:28,700 --> 00:02:32,540 only is it an extremely strong and so it emits this incredibly bright yellow light 31 00:02:32,780 --> 00:02:36,560 yellow jacket yellow light. This is this yellow uh sodium discharge. 32 00:02:36,560 --> 00:02:42,580 Uh it also they they work together. So we think that this is actually pushing into 33 00:02:42,580 --> 00:02:46,960 what's extremely interesting for me. Um you know people are like oh a lot of 34 00:02:46,960 --> 00:02:52,720 quantum things require low temperature. Uh so some of the there were a bunch of 35 00:02:52,720 --> 00:02:57,080 Nobel prizes won for Bose Einstein con condensates is extremely low temperature um 36 00:02:57,080 --> 00:03:04,580 which used this kind of atom an alkali atom and particularly sodium uh in order to 37 00:03:04,580 --> 00:03:08,920 show that there's collective effects. And this is the same as two subwoofers that 38 00:03:08,920 --> 00:03:12,240 are in a in a building in phase with each other. 39 00:03:12,380 --> 00:03:16,760 They couple together and they they they output more power and there's a it's not 40 00:03:16,760 --> 00:03:20,340 quite lazing, but it's something called super radiance, super absorption and super 41 00:03:20,340 --> 00:03:23,040 transfer that ends up dominating the radiation. 42 00:03:23,180 --> 00:03:24,560 Anyway, it's getting a little complicated. 43 00:03:24,560 --> 00:03:28,040 The point being, the sodium atom is incredibly bright. 44 00:03:28,040 --> 00:03:33,360 If you calculate out just how much energy once you've excited it, the rate of power 45 00:03:33,360 --> 00:03:35,860 that it can that it can put out, it's extreme. 46 00:03:35,860 --> 00:03:38,080 Like you can end up with megawws in a liter. 47 00:03:38,700 --> 00:03:42,100 And but what happens is it doesn't just go straight out. 48 00:03:42,220 --> 00:03:44,460 It also absorbs. It has a high resonance. 49 00:03:44,460 --> 00:03:48,760 It's like a really really really imagine the best possible acoustic resonator that 50 00:03:48,760 --> 00:03:52,840 might have a Q factor of like 20. This has a Q factor of thousands and 51 00:03:52,840 --> 00:03:58,340 thousands. So it it it also absorbs. So the radiation is trapped and so the 52 00:03:58,340 --> 00:04:01,440 question is how does it scale? Does it scale in a way that is good? 53 00:04:01,680 --> 00:04:10,320 So um starting from the sodium atom we can scale to what we've done in the 54 00:04:10,320 --> 00:04:16,920 lab. So um this is a the world's highest temperature type heat exchanger. 55 00:04:16,920 --> 00:04:22,540 Uh and we've developed it. It uses ceramic that is 3D printed in a kind of 56 00:04:22,540 --> 00:04:29,460 a a photo resin that uh you make into this kind of compound arch shape. 57 00:04:29,460 --> 00:04:31,440 It's called a triply periodic minimal surface. 58 00:04:31,440 --> 00:04:35,700 And what that means is because it has all this curvature, it's able to maintain the 59 00:04:35,700 --> 00:04:41,260 incredible temperature differences across um you know from from here where it's air 60 00:04:41,260 --> 00:04:46,660 coming in less than 100° to over here where the exhaust is coming out where it's 61 00:04:46,660 --> 00:04:51,820 it's it's nearly 1400° the boiling point of salt and salt is how we get this 62 00:04:51,820 --> 00:04:55,020 the the sodium in. So it's actually in a chemical loop. 63 00:04:55,380 --> 00:05:02,220 So it goes um salt first becomes mo molten and then it has a high surface 64 00:05:02,220 --> 00:05:08,280 tension and it wicks around all of the surfaces including uh the tube um and 65 00:05:08,280 --> 00:05:12,720 including all of the different uh surfaces inside the heat exchanger and that 66 00:05:12,720 --> 00:05:17,460 allows it to be continuously refreshed and act as a resonator while not being 67 00:05:17,460 --> 00:05:22,400 itself consumed. And the reason this works is because the sodium chloride has the 68 00:05:22,400 --> 00:05:25,760 strongest bond. It's the strongest bond energy because the one's on the left side 69 00:05:25,760 --> 00:05:28,320 of the periodic table, one's on the right side of the periodic table. 70 00:05:28,420 --> 00:05:33,020 This one's an extreme in cell. This one's extremely well, the molecule needs 71 00:05:33,020 --> 00:05:38,200 another member, and they connect. I They should teach chemistry this way. 72 00:05:38,200 --> 00:05:44,400 Anyway, um so, uh what that allows you to do is convert almost all of the 73 00:05:44,400 --> 00:05:50,440 energy into this single uh wavelength, almost this single wave. 74 00:05:50,840 --> 00:05:54,100 And what you get is if you can compare it. 75 00:05:54,200 --> 00:05:58,820 So this is wavelength and this is the amount of energy uh per and this is 76 00:05:58,820 --> 00:06:03,180 a log chart. So almost all of the energy is showing up uh right here. 77 00:06:03,740 --> 00:06:09,760 It's actually um this is actually uh measured uh from from our system. 78 00:06:09,760 --> 00:06:15,560 Um and the there are two kinds of silicon cells plotted here. 79 00:06:15,800 --> 00:06:18,300 This is the internal quantum efficiency of a silicon cell. 80 00:06:18,300 --> 00:06:23,480 And this is internal quantum efficiency of indium gallium phosphide, which is the 81 00:06:23,480 --> 00:06:26,080 the highest efficiency cell to match that yellow. 82 00:06:26,760 --> 00:06:31,820 And as you can see, we're much closer. So, so the way that solar cells work 83 00:06:31,820 --> 00:06:34,620 is um it's called the photoelectric effect. 84 00:06:34,840 --> 00:06:38,140 Not the only thing Einstein won the Nobel Prize for, but sure. 85 00:06:38,660 --> 00:06:44,080 Oh, sorry. Okay. Sure. Uh little closer. 86 00:06:44,240 --> 00:06:47,640 Hopefully some of the earlier can be fixed in post. 87 00:06:47,640 --> 00:06:55,000 Um so the amount of energy um that light transfers comes in discrete packets 88 00:06:55,160 --> 00:07:00,520 quantum mechanics photons. Uh if you have more energy than what's called the band 89 00:07:00,520 --> 00:07:03,220 gap of a PB cell that extra energy is wasted. 90 00:07:03,220 --> 00:07:07,980 If you have less energy then it can't absorb it at all. 91 00:07:08,400 --> 00:07:13,200 So ideally you want your PV cells to have a band gap that is like just 92 00:07:13,200 --> 00:07:17,480 underneath the uh exhausted power and that's that's here. 93 00:07:17,480 --> 00:07:20,780 So this is a much better light source than just a sing a sun. 94 00:07:20,780 --> 00:07:27,600 So as we scale the system however we can actually change it. 95 00:07:28,040 --> 00:07:34,280 It's a little fiddly here. We can actually change it and as uh hopefully this 96 00:07:34,280 --> 00:07:38,760 works. Uh so is it changing? No, it's not. 97 00:07:38,940 --> 00:07:42,840 All right. Unfortunately, uh my claude must have busted this. 98 00:07:42,840 --> 00:07:46,920 Uh immediately before, uh the fable was so great. 99 00:07:47,040 --> 00:07:55,620 Anyway, uh so all right. So, so what is yeah set back we have setback science 100 00:07:55,620 --> 00:08:02,860 by one week. Uh so um what happens when you have an increasing amount of power 101 00:08:02,860 --> 00:08:09,180 is because of this trapping you get an increased amount of energy in the excited 102 00:08:09,180 --> 00:08:14,920 states. And those excited states uh can still leak out energy in different ways to 103 00:08:14,920 --> 00:08:21,240 other uh luminous uh lines. And one in particular when you have two excited states 104 00:08:21,240 --> 00:08:23,700 and they collide they can do what's called a pooling reaction. 105 00:08:24,180 --> 00:08:27,560 get one of them up to an even higher state and then when that jumps down 106 00:08:27,740 --> 00:08:30,140 that's a near infrared which is right here. 107 00:08:30,800 --> 00:08:36,940 So what should it be happening when I'm scaling this uh is it will go up 108 00:08:37,040 --> 00:08:42,840 yeah go up a lot. So um and it actually the first thing that happens there 109 00:08:42,840 --> 00:08:51,100 is um yeah first thing that I don't know why it's fiddly uh but um actually 110 00:08:51,100 --> 00:08:55,540 it it it again this is logarithmic so there's quite a lot here but then this 111 00:08:55,540 --> 00:09:03,480 a secondary can be added in which you can convert um that excitation into uh even 112 00:09:03,480 --> 00:09:05,460 more infrared and even better match for silicon. 113 00:09:05,780 --> 00:09:10,280 Why is this relevant? Silicon is like by far the cheapest source of energy in the 114 00:09:10,280 --> 00:09:12,640 world. It's just only available when the sun is around. 115 00:09:12,800 --> 00:09:16,840 So if you can tap into this with this light source, you can produce power 116 00:09:16,840 --> 00:09:22,600 continuously. Um so what are the kind of scales that we're talking about? 117 00:09:22,600 --> 00:09:25,920 Well, we can first start talking about like the first thing that we kind of want 118 00:09:25,920 --> 00:09:30,640 to make is something that can power a Starlink Mini and your Mac Mini and so 119 00:09:30,640 --> 00:09:37,580 on. But um as a uh as you get larger and larger uh it starts to 120 00:09:37,580 --> 00:09:44,600 get more more and more interesting. So uh friend of mine uh makes private jet says 121 00:09:44,600 --> 00:09:50,140 you need about 1 megawatt to fly. Uh a lot of people are like hey Danielle 122 00:09:50,460 --> 00:09:57,780 how quickly can you produce 100 megawws forgetting how much it will cost um because 123 00:09:57,780 --> 00:10:01,160 we desperately need it. um can it scale to that? 124 00:10:01,880 --> 00:10:06,840 And uh one thing I find I found very useful to convince Claude about this uh 125 00:10:06,840 --> 00:10:10,980 because it would keep making simplifying assumptions that was less extreme. 126 00:10:10,980 --> 00:10:15,340 It's like well one of the things that's the highest power that we ever run is 127 00:10:15,340 --> 00:10:21,760 like a um a rocket launch. So, if you have a Starship Superheavy launch or a 128 00:10:21,760 --> 00:10:26,000 static fire when it stays on on the ground, the amount of power out is 330 129 00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:30,660 uh gawatt, which is an enormous amount of power. 130 00:10:30,880 --> 00:10:34,700 But if you've ever I don't know if you you've ever looked next time there's a 131 00:10:34,700 --> 00:10:39,940 rocket launch, notice how it's yellow when it's on the ground, when it's close to 132 00:10:39,940 --> 00:10:42,500 the ground, and then it turns white. Why does it do that? 133 00:10:42,680 --> 00:10:47,380 The reason is the tiny amount of trace sodium that's just from the sea salt comes 134 00:10:47,380 --> 00:10:50,960 out and lights up the whole thing. You you also saw the same thing when the 135 00:10:50,960 --> 00:10:56,340 Blue Origin rocket exploded. So what if you actually use this tech technique to 136 00:10:56,340 --> 00:11:02,920 make a system that can actually uh produce an enormous amount of of power in a 137 00:11:02,920 --> 00:11:08,080 single installation. So if you calculate it out uh the amount of total power that 138 00:11:08,080 --> 00:11:13,540 you're generating from from that amount of of of fuel you know which is like 139 00:11:13,540 --> 00:11:19,160 methane you know liquid natural gas and oxygen which you can just condense from the 140 00:11:19,160 --> 00:11:25,500 air um that is if you converted it approximately the amount of energy about 100 141 00:11:25,500 --> 00:11:29,680 amount of power about 100 gawatts of power in a single installation which is about 142 00:11:29,680 --> 00:11:33,100 the amount that is added to the electrical grid in the United States in a single 143 00:11:34,380 --> 00:11:37,920 So uh completely different kind of uh power plant. 144 00:11:38,220 --> 00:11:43,340 So extremely interesting. So what about building a Dyson sphere at an even greater 145 00:11:43,340 --> 00:11:47,020 scale? So there are kind of two branches here. 146 00:11:47,020 --> 00:11:53,840 Um one thing is in a a for an earth shade. 147 00:11:54,160 --> 00:11:58,880 So one thing people talk about is as you increase the amount of power that goes 148 00:11:58,880 --> 00:12:04,020 to AI even if it's green it increases the amount of waste heat on earth eventually 149 00:12:04,020 --> 00:12:08,640 we get cooked what do we do so uh one of the things that you can 150 00:12:08,640 --> 00:12:13,440 do is you can figure out okay how much anthropogenic global warming have we already 151 00:12:13,440 --> 00:12:22,800 cooked into this thing and uh let's put a Dyson swarm just you know for good 152 00:12:22,800 --> 00:12:28,980 weather put it in L1 which is the Lrange point in between Earth and the sun 153 00:12:30,400 --> 00:12:39,620 and it at 0.01% of a a a shade like a a planet shade that will 154 00:12:39,620 --> 00:12:45,860 cancel out all the global warming. It's also 200 terowatts of incoming power and on 155 00:12:45,860 --> 00:12:52,700 the on the order you know near near to 100 terowatts of power right um so 156 00:12:52,700 --> 00:12:59,500 that's a very interesting thing for uh AI especially if you can start producing the 157 00:12:59,500 --> 00:13:05,100 solar panels on the moon uh because the the the moon regalith itself contains 158 00:13:05,640 --> 00:13:10,960 silica contains all kinds of oxides and uh so you can make solar cells it's also 159 00:13:10,960 --> 00:13:16,840 dramatically easier to get something into lunar orbital velocity and once it's in 160 00:13:16,840 --> 00:13:20,960 lunar orbital velocity, it can slowly maneuver to wherever it needs to be with 161 00:13:20,960 --> 00:13:24,260 light um and uh electronic uh transport. 162 00:13:25,180 --> 00:13:29,120 Sorry, I know I know this is a small room and it seems like microphone it 163 00:13:29,120 --> 00:13:34,120 a whole lot, but it's crucial to just speak into it. 164 00:13:34,120 --> 00:13:40,160 this pretty directly just so sorry I'll try to have it locked here but maybe there 165 00:13:40,160 --> 00:13:45,660 should be a compressor somewhere um okay all right great um so if you have u 166 00:13:45,660 --> 00:13:53,060 if you have an earth shade then basically up to the design point of it is 167 00:13:53,060 --> 00:13:57,340 providing the amount of cooling that we want this is a great place to to get 168 00:13:57,340 --> 00:14:02,920 energy and it could be substantially cheaper than even earthborne energy if you can 169 00:14:02,920 --> 00:14:08,420 generate uh the satellites and send them and basically you can spin launch or or 170 00:14:08,420 --> 00:14:12,760 rail gun launch to lunar orbital velocity and use almost no energy compared to 171 00:14:12,760 --> 00:14:14,220 launching something from the earth's surface. 172 00:14:14,560 --> 00:14:22,460 So I think it's good for alignment if uh AI eventually gets power off of Earth 173 00:14:22,460 --> 00:14:24,900 because then we don't get cooked by the waste heat. 174 00:14:24,900 --> 00:14:28,760 Um in addition to the fact you know we're currently we're burning a lot of fuel. 175 00:14:28,760 --> 00:14:33,620 Um but then something it was once you get to really large scale. 176 00:14:33,860 --> 00:14:41,940 So you you you you basically you have heavy industry near Mercury, you start to 177 00:14:41,940 --> 00:14:46,940 disassemble it and you you you you can send stuff out, you know, into the ecliptic. 178 00:14:47,080 --> 00:14:49,820 There's so much extra power uh in the sun. 179 00:14:51,020 --> 00:14:57,060 You can actually change the direction that the energy is is going. 180 00:14:57,500 --> 00:15:02,240 You can have um this the sun has an enormous magnetic field and it's p it's 181 00:15:02,240 --> 00:15:06,340 moving through the milky way and so it's actually accreting gas and it's exhaust 182 00:15:06,340 --> 00:15:09,420 and exhausting gas and and photons at the same time. 183 00:15:09,420 --> 00:15:13,480 So if you change where the light is going out and you change where the exhaust 184 00:15:13,480 --> 00:15:17,780 is going out and you change where stuff is coming in, this is basically a busousard 185 00:15:17,780 --> 00:15:22,680 uh ramjet which is this idea where you actually make guess I see in the audience 186 00:15:22,880 --> 00:15:28,220 you make a fusion reactor that absorbs the interstellar gas and and moves around. 187 00:15:28,780 --> 00:15:33,180 So what can you do with this? I'm not saying it's easy thing to do but 188 00:15:33,180 --> 00:15:36,940 this is how a awesome way to make a generation ship. 189 00:15:37,160 --> 00:15:42,400 Over eons, the sun can scoot around throughout the Milky Way, visit other stars, 190 00:15:42,400 --> 00:15:45,880 and potentially find another star that can scoot around even more. 191 00:15:45,880 --> 00:15:51,380 which means that you can get to the final prize which is uh if you have 192 00:15:51,380 --> 00:16:00,520 energy uh if you have at the center of the Milky Way a super massive black 193 00:16:00,520 --> 00:16:05,080 hole the amount of extractable energy when you drop something into the accretion 194 00:16:05,080 --> 00:16:10,220 disc it's it's about 50% of the of the rest mass energy which is enormous which 195 00:16:10,220 --> 00:16:14,360 is like about 50 times the amount that you would get out if you fused everything. 196 00:16:15,120 --> 00:16:24,080 Okay. Um, and the amount of power that's available if you were to do that is 197 00:16:24,080 --> 00:16:32,400 of the order of 10 the 30 33 watts. Uh, which is like just so dramatically. 198 00:16:32,400 --> 00:16:38,520 I had a big argument with Elazar Yudkowski last night, you know, um, much respect. 199 00:16:38,940 --> 00:16:42,800 He's like, you know, they'll they can use you for energy and they can use you 200 00:16:42,800 --> 00:16:48,040 for mass. And it's like, well, there's like 10 to the very large number of of 201 00:16:48,240 --> 00:16:51,200 of more energy and mass out there in space. 202 00:16:51,820 --> 00:16:58,080 It's a big place and we don't necessarily have to set things up for resource 203 00:16:58,080 --> 00:17:01,400 conflict. We can use ideas to to get out of it. 204 00:17:01,400 --> 00:17:07,040 Um, so let me see if I can show a few other things that didn't quite 205 00:17:07,040 --> 00:17:10,060 make it into this this flow. Just one second. 206 00:17:10,060 --> 00:17:28,100 Uh and then we can probably discuss um well yeah sure sorry oh uh Dyson sphere.fyi 207 00:17:29,240 --> 00:17:35,480 which I I I hope is is up right now. Let's see if Claude managed it. 208 00:17:35,780 --> 00:17:38,220 Yeah. Unfortunately uh this part isn't working. 209 00:17:38,220 --> 00:17:40,740 So I have to fix that from my Cloudflare settings. 210 00:17:41,260 --> 00:17:47,120 But um yes uh it will it will be up and the intent is so I 211 00:17:47,120 --> 00:17:51,400 I I discovered um one of the things that people always ask is you know why 212 00:17:51,400 --> 00:17:58,660 didn't anybody ever oh why didn't anybody think of this before and there's usually 213 00:17:58,660 --> 00:18:00,680 a lot of reasons. I mean this is pretty esoteric. 214 00:18:00,760 --> 00:18:03,540 You need to know at least a few things sort of you know how sodium lights 215 00:18:03,540 --> 00:18:08,500 work or fireworks work, how PV cells work and and and light divides into different 216 00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:13,820 wavelengths. Um and you need to decide to build it which involves high temperature 217 00:18:13,820 --> 00:18:22,680 flames and designing that's all right. Um and uh you you need you need to do 218 00:18:22,680 --> 00:18:27,760 all these different things. But um I was like why why isn't there any study of 219 00:18:27,760 --> 00:18:31,360 this? Like there there were 20 different ways to do thermop photovoltaics and 220 00:18:31,360 --> 00:18:36,240 nobody decided to try uh adding sodium when this is known like this is demonstrated 221 00:18:36,240 --> 00:18:40,880 in high school physics class you know just just flame tests um and and and these 222 00:18:40,880 --> 00:18:42,100 are the most efficient lights in the world. 223 00:18:42,200 --> 00:18:46,500 These highress sodium lights are the most efficient um lights in the world. 224 00:18:46,900 --> 00:18:51,300 Uh let me just let me just move back here to where we at. 225 00:18:51,460 --> 00:18:59,560 Um yeah. So so this is a a one-dimensional uh simulation uh of how much uh 226 00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:03,560 energy gets out into each wavelength. So as you in you see it as you increase 227 00:19:03,560 --> 00:19:09,240 the amount of um this is in WM. If if you tell your AI to use 228 00:19:09,240 --> 00:19:13,000 WM everything gets incredibly fast. Uh okay. 229 00:19:13,140 --> 00:19:18,160 So as you increase this you get more and more of this um self-traed line and 230 00:19:18,160 --> 00:19:23,880 then you get uh more and more energy coming out in this um 819 this near 231 00:19:23,900 --> 00:19:30,260 uh near infant. Yes. Sorry. Sorry. All right. 232 00:19:30,260 --> 00:19:36,360 So this is this is the amount of pressure of the primary sodium and you can 233 00:19:36,360 --> 00:19:41,180 have a a secondary sodium that that that basically um traps it like it like an 234 00:19:41,180 --> 00:19:45,940 annulus of of of additional resonant material that's just trying to trap it. 235 00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:50,420 Um and uh this this will be up as well. What what I was trying to 236 00:19:50,420 --> 00:19:58,580 get to is um there is a code at Lawrence Liverour that does radiative transport and 237 00:19:58,580 --> 00:20:02,420 the reason you can't have it is because it's used for Hbombs, but I'm not going 238 00:20:02,420 --> 00:20:04,460 to use it for that. So, I'm making my own. 239 00:20:04,480 --> 00:20:09,680 Uh uh and and and it's going it's going to go up on our our website 240 00:20:09,680 --> 00:20:12,800 and and and up here and it just isn't uh integrated yet. 241 00:20:13,340 --> 00:20:22,240 Um so uh um another thing to say is that we there's sort of two really 242 00:20:22,240 --> 00:20:25,360 important questions in terms of the actual physics of how this works. 243 00:20:25,360 --> 00:20:31,580 One is is the emission actually coupled like a laser or like this so-called super 244 00:20:31,580 --> 00:20:35,420 radiance. If you click it on or off it well it can change a lot but 245 00:20:35,420 --> 00:20:37,440 apparently not with these these parameters. 246 00:20:37,900 --> 00:20:40,780 All right. Maybe it's maybe it's off. Hold on. 247 00:20:41,660 --> 00:20:46,220 No, it's not working. Okay. Formally, super radiance would make some difference, 248 00:20:46,500 --> 00:20:55,540 some degradation. Additionally, um the amount of energy uh and the amount of 249 00:20:55,540 --> 00:20:59,240 irreversibility that happens when you when you combust something, when you do a 250 00:20:59,240 --> 00:21:05,460 chemical reaction, um as you get to higher and higher temperatures and you drive it 251 00:21:05,460 --> 00:21:10,460 towards a steady state where that temperature is so high that the reaction products 252 00:21:10,620 --> 00:21:17,100 uh also thermodynamically um they thermalize uh and and split apart. 253 00:21:17,100 --> 00:21:20,060 And so the heat itself is keeping things apart. 254 00:21:20,340 --> 00:21:26,580 When things are that hot, the amount of energy that is available um to the system 255 00:21:26,580 --> 00:21:32,480 as you when you when you rack more, it doesn't create any uh entropy. 256 00:21:32,700 --> 00:21:40,420 It it's it's it's reversible. And the um the available bond energy we think is 257 00:21:40,420 --> 00:21:45,080 probably significantly excited beyond what would be the kinetic temperature. 258 00:21:45,080 --> 00:21:49,040 So the kinetic temperature is the temperature of all of the molecules and and atoms 259 00:21:49,040 --> 00:21:53,080 moving around. Um and you calculate calculate that. 260 00:21:53,220 --> 00:21:58,260 But when when a reaction first occurs, the energy is an excited states on the 261 00:21:58,260 --> 00:22:01,540 molecule and it can excite this uh light emission. 262 00:22:01,540 --> 00:22:07,400 Um, and we think that because of this, we can get much much higher emission 263 00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:13,080 densities than we previously had, which is exciting for the the highly tuned cells 264 00:22:13,080 --> 00:22:17,160 that we have because you can match the yellow much more exactly. 265 00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:23,340 And it's exciting because it means that there's more amount of energy that's in the 266 00:22:23,340 --> 00:22:27,420 the yellow light anyway and trapped. And that's what creates the near infrared 267 00:22:27,420 --> 00:22:29,960 light that matches silicon and gallium arsenide. 268 00:22:29,960 --> 00:22:35,900 Oh well. Uh yeah. So I have been kind of blowing through it. 269 00:22:36,080 --> 00:22:38,820 Maybe I can uh get some questions from the audience. 270 00:22:38,820 --> 00:22:55,400 Uh sure. Yes. Yeah, that's pretty much it. 271 00:22:57,240 --> 00:23:07,700 Sorry. Uh yeah. Uh sorry. Uh um to understand carefully uh it is uh we use 272 00:23:07,700 --> 00:23:12,040 the energy in heat to excite sodium which produces yellow light which can be 273 00:23:12,040 --> 00:23:24,460 converted efficiently. So yes. So um you did a transition from uh chemical chemical 274 00:23:24,460 --> 00:23:35,960 fuel systems to solo point um I wasn't clear on what was perhaps the chemical yeah 275 00:23:36,120 --> 00:23:43,340 it's a good question so the traditional Dyson sphere is you surround it you 276 00:23:43,340 --> 00:23:47,920 surround the sun but different suns are different colors And actually every 277 00:23:47,920 --> 00:23:52,640 astrophysical or a whole pile of astrophysical objects that we know actually have a 278 00:23:52,640 --> 00:23:57,960 corona that is bright in the sodium lines that is you know it's low density but 279 00:23:57,960 --> 00:24:01,420 it it's bright and the temperature if you measure it is like 10 million degrees. 280 00:24:01,420 --> 00:24:06,440 The sun is like this. It's not quite 10 million degrees in in the optical uh 281 00:24:06,580 --> 00:24:14,240 for Earth, but it is like that. The because stars are different colors, your 282 00:24:14,240 --> 00:24:18,080 optimization is going to be different for each different astrophysical option. 283 00:24:18,720 --> 00:24:27,540 Um blue, red giant star, but you can convert the energy using a kind of uh 284 00:24:28,500 --> 00:24:34,840 secondary. So one can imagine for the sun that you actually don't exactly know best 285 00:24:34,840 --> 00:24:41,360 way to do this but get more sodium into the um layers of the sun and 286 00:24:41,360 --> 00:24:46,040 it will emit uh it will emit light in that band. 287 00:24:46,040 --> 00:24:51,520 But probably for for for the sun it doesn't make a huge amount of sense to 288 00:24:51,520 --> 00:24:56,080 like engineer the whole thing to be emitting specifically at the extreme end when 289 00:24:56,080 --> 00:25:04,460 you have a small star you can add um or or or or like the sagittarius 290 00:25:04,580 --> 00:25:08,520 like if you have an accretion disc or something if you have sodium in the accretion 291 00:25:08,520 --> 00:25:13,820 disc when it's a moderate temperature it will emit incredibly brightly in the 292 00:25:13,820 --> 00:25:16,820 yellow um and then you can absorb Yes. Yeah. 293 00:25:16,940 --> 00:25:22,740 So, could you like have two layers? One which is just a block like a ghost 294 00:25:22,740 --> 00:25:27,220 block sodium that reriate or that would that be less activated? 295 00:25:27,220 --> 00:25:32,040 It it could be. There's there's long been ideas of like a they call it a 296 00:25:32,040 --> 00:25:38,640 mattressa Dyson sphere where you have multiple layers and the one of them radiates 297 00:25:38,640 --> 00:25:43,140 out and you you cover the other. But if it depending on where you put the 298 00:25:43,140 --> 00:25:48,760 atoms, you can pump more of the energy and use it and then recycle the rest. 299 00:25:48,760 --> 00:25:54,880 So if you had a cavity that was like a very good mirror um and then 300 00:25:54,960 --> 00:25:59,800 uh you you pick out only this uh part of the spectrum, then then that that's 301 00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:03,040 a way to do what we're doing. But astrophysically it's difficult. 302 00:26:03,040 --> 00:26:06,640 I mean mo most of the time when you're doing a Dyson sphere, you really are 303 00:26:06,640 --> 00:26:09,840 going to want to have a a swarm. you're not going to have a complete cavity. 304 00:26:09,840 --> 00:26:12,400 The energy is going to go back into the sun. 305 00:26:12,400 --> 00:26:17,920 But it is, but if you have a partial cavity and you like let light out 306 00:26:17,920 --> 00:26:21,940 or let exhaust products out in one direction, uh you can do all sorts of things 307 00:26:22,020 --> 00:26:24,640 including like like I said, scooting around the local neighborhood. 308 00:26:24,640 --> 00:26:43,560 take the first lickable right so um we're trying to make over the next couple of 309 00:26:43,560 --> 00:26:48,400 years both smallcale devices that are your general purpose utility provides power 310 00:26:48,640 --> 00:26:57,580 heat light water just condenses the chemically created water um at small scale and 311 00:26:57,580 --> 00:27:01,660 we think that this will be you know a general purpose sidearm everyone's going to 312 00:27:01,660 --> 00:27:08,120 want Um at large scale there's a huge demand for data center power and so we 313 00:27:08,120 --> 00:27:15,800 are trying to find hundreds of megawws or gigawatts of basically natural gas um and 314 00:27:15,800 --> 00:27:21,180 also at a place where you can generate a lot of hydrogen from excess solar and 315 00:27:21,180 --> 00:27:26,160 so you can you can switch between natural gas and hydrogen and hopefully mostly 316 00:27:26,160 --> 00:27:32,140 hydrogen um at at that much larger scale as we increase the amount of empirical 317 00:27:32,140 --> 00:27:38,380 data behind if you scale this can you get higher and higher efficiencies out with 318 00:27:38,560 --> 00:27:44,880 uh silicon cells with silicon cells and uh that could happen pretty fast but you 319 00:27:44,880 --> 00:27:52,400 know maybe two years from go when there's a whole pile of money um and then 320 00:27:52,400 --> 00:27:58,100 I think and people kept asking me hey Danielle why is Elon talking about a mass 321 00:27:58,100 --> 00:28:02,220 driver on the moon this is why I don't know when He's intending to do that, 322 00:28:02,260 --> 00:28:07,260 but it could happen quite quickly. Uh, Blue Origin has actually made solar cells 323 00:28:07,260 --> 00:28:13,240 from lunar regalith, and you know, you don't even need to throw it very fast to 324 00:28:13,240 --> 00:28:15,340 get into lunar orbit, although you need to do a little correction. 325 00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:26,800 Uh, Matt, so power generation generate way over 50. 326 00:28:28,220 --> 00:28:37,400 How does how does this stack up against the boats at its circuit recover? 327 00:28:37,940 --> 00:28:45,140 Yeah. So, we think that we can fairly beat what's called a simple cycle gas 328 00:28:45,140 --> 00:28:48,000 turbine, which is sort of 30% efficiency. 329 00:28:48,280 --> 00:28:53,920 So we think 30% plus, but we think that if you if you optimize everything, you 330 00:28:53,920 --> 00:29:00,620 can probably get to 60% or so what when everything is working in your favor. 331 00:29:00,620 --> 00:29:06,120 And you can also do what's called a combined cycle plant, which combines it with 332 00:29:06,120 --> 00:29:11,760 spinning things and boiling water. You know, maybe boiling boiling alcohol off of 333 00:29:11,760 --> 00:29:14,120 the back of the solar cells will will generate power. 334 00:29:14,120 --> 00:29:18,940 And uh you need you need a certain amount of air flowing through. 335 00:29:19,080 --> 00:29:21,460 So you can imagine a having a turbine on the on the back end. 336 00:29:21,660 --> 00:29:28,440 And so this is how the highest efficiency fuel um systems h uh have achieved uh 337 00:29:29,500 --> 00:29:33,240 a combined cycle and a steam plant over 60% efficiency. 338 00:29:33,240 --> 00:29:35,720 We think we can get over 70%. long term. 339 00:29:43,900 --> 00:29:48,780 Uh, good question. So, uh, well, um, at least ours. 340 00:29:49,120 --> 00:29:57,340 Um, so, so it's a very good this is one of the most costic environments imaginable, 341 00:29:57,440 --> 00:30:01,480 right? You have sodium chloride, which is also and extremely high temperatures. 342 00:30:01,480 --> 00:30:06,140 How are we hundreds of temperatures higher than you know MIT National Labs all 343 00:30:06,140 --> 00:30:08,220 that? The main thing is we're using ceramic. 344 00:30:08,740 --> 00:30:17,340 So um chemically aluminina uh aluminum aluminum 2 oxygen 3 is really difficult to 345 00:30:17,340 --> 00:30:21,220 react to anything else. It's such in such a a ground state basically. 346 00:30:21,820 --> 00:30:27,080 Um so it it it tolerates the salt and in fact the salt makes it stronger. 347 00:30:27,080 --> 00:30:30,940 it fills in all the pores and it distributes strain. 348 00:30:31,480 --> 00:30:36,140 Um the second thing is we have to use these. 349 00:30:36,320 --> 00:30:53,880 Um let me show you. Uh so not this. Okay. 350 00:30:54,240 --> 00:31:11,880 So sorry. Um so this shape um these kind of corugations solves the critical 351 00:31:11,880 --> 00:31:17,700 structural problem. So uh even though the thermal expansion coefficient of the 352 00:31:17,700 --> 00:31:23,780 ceramic isn't very high compared with steel, it's maybe one/ird, it's much much 353 00:31:23,780 --> 00:31:26,940 harder. It's actually like nine on the MO scale. 354 00:31:27,180 --> 00:31:30,720 It's like within a factor of four of diamond. 355 00:31:31,360 --> 00:31:35,640 So on one hand, the thermal stresses will become really great if everything holds 356 00:31:35,640 --> 00:31:39,960 together. But on the other hand, if you have a just a little bit of strain 357 00:31:39,960 --> 00:31:42,780 relief, then you can dissipate almost all that stress. 358 00:31:42,780 --> 00:31:44,080 So it's like the inverse of the problem. 359 00:31:44,280 --> 00:31:47,860 So the key is you have to make it curved in all of the different dimensions. 360 00:31:47,980 --> 00:31:52,340 And there's a mathematical shape called a triply periodic minimal surface. 361 00:31:52,420 --> 00:31:58,800 This one here is called a Schwarz diamond that divides the space into two different 362 00:31:58,800 --> 00:32:02,420 volumes. And so that's the perfect sort of building block for a heat exchanger, but 363 00:32:02,420 --> 00:32:04,780 also for all of the structure. So that's what we do. 364 00:32:05,100 --> 00:32:09,820 And it's similar to how, you know, how does a gas turbine or how does a 365 00:32:09,820 --> 00:32:17,040 a rocket nozzle survive even though the gas inside is much much much hotter than um 366 00:32:18,400 --> 00:32:22,660 the melting point even. Uh it it's you do regenerative cooling. 367 00:32:22,860 --> 00:32:25,820 So the amount of air that's coming in equals the amount of air that's going out, 368 00:32:26,080 --> 00:32:29,500 you know, plus the fuel. So it's it's cooling on the way in plus radiator. 369 00:32:32,360 --> 00:32:36,520 Yes. Yes. It's both. And you need both, but you can you you there's a fair 370 00:32:36,520 --> 00:32:42,980 amount of variation you can have. Yeah. Uh is there a nuclear reactor design that 371 00:32:42,980 --> 00:32:46,020 sodium in this? I am I I love this question. 372 00:32:46,020 --> 00:32:50,280 So many uh many nuclear reactors already use sodium as heat pipes. 373 00:32:50,580 --> 00:32:52,400 Um but it's a relatively lower temperature. 374 00:32:52,600 --> 00:32:57,120 It gets to vaporized um at about you know 600°. 375 00:32:58,180 --> 00:33:04,440 Um but many people have asked me hey is there any way to do this with 376 00:33:04,440 --> 00:33:06,520 nuclear? And there is there's a bunch of interesting ones. 377 00:33:06,700 --> 00:33:12,560 Um the main thing is it because it's heat that is is being recycled uh and 378 00:33:12,560 --> 00:33:16,880 it gets very bright that way then then you can use this this technique to both 379 00:33:16,880 --> 00:33:20,840 spectrally shape and also make sure that everything inside a chamber is about the 380 00:33:20,840 --> 00:33:26,760 same temperature. Same way that um heat pipes do except instead of heat pipes going 381 00:33:26,760 --> 00:33:30,740 out to another heat engine it's light going out a window. 382 00:33:31,260 --> 00:33:34,560 Now the thing is you have to redesign your nuclear reactor completely. 383 00:33:34,560 --> 00:33:41,360 I mean this works nonlinearly. Many people know that as the temperature increases 384 00:33:41,520 --> 00:33:44,660 the power increases as T 4th for black bodies. 385 00:33:44,800 --> 00:33:47,120 Well, it's even faster here. It's even faster. 386 00:33:47,240 --> 00:33:51,320 It's almost to the 10th power um at at these regimes. 387 00:33:51,520 --> 00:33:55,780 So what you would need is a nuclear fuel that is a ceramic that can tolerate 388 00:33:55,780 --> 00:33:59,380 the sodium, tolerate the salt uh and can tolerate the high temperature. 389 00:34:00,340 --> 00:34:06,840 So there is such a thing and actually the very best uh refractory oxides in the 390 00:34:06,840 --> 00:34:14,820 universe are is thorium oxide which is in addition to being a great nuclear fuel 391 00:34:15,040 --> 00:34:23,700 because it is it is breathable. Uh um the the uh it it you'll burn the 392 00:34:23,800 --> 00:34:29,400 the uranium in place. First it captures the neutron, becomes uranium, and then it 393 00:34:29,400 --> 00:34:33,080 burns the uranium. So when both of those things happen, you can solve 394 00:34:33,080 --> 00:34:37,880 proliferation. I I think although you know there's still some other edge cases like 395 00:34:37,880 --> 00:34:40,600 if you're if you have a neutron fluence, you can do you can do stuff with 396 00:34:40,600 --> 00:34:46,100 that. But um you can design a system that is an amplifier. 397 00:34:46,100 --> 00:34:49,960 This is my favorite where you you start with a seed fusion. 398 00:34:50,140 --> 00:34:54,660 The fusion doesn't generate much power uh versus how much you put out, but it does 399 00:34:54,660 --> 00:34:59,760 generate neutrons. the neutrons multiply in the nuke and you get about 16 times the 400 00:34:59,760 --> 00:35:08,220 energy out per fision and you get one over uh one minus k for multiplication. 401 00:35:08,220 --> 00:35:13,100 So you can get like 2,000 times as much energy out uh per per fusion which 402 00:35:13,100 --> 00:35:16,740 means that you can run fusion at much much lower than Q. 403 00:35:17,020 --> 00:35:18,740 Uh and so you can have a tiny little thing. 404 00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:23,840 You can imagine, you know, having a completely nuclearpowered propulsion system 405 00:35:23,840 --> 00:35:26,920 that you never need to refuel basically. 406 00:35:27,940 --> 00:35:36,400 And that's very interesting. Yeah. Um, let's say I'm a killer and I need a lot 407 00:35:38,760 --> 00:35:57,500 through like what? Uh, yeah. So, um, we think that we'll be able to get in 408 00:35:57,500 --> 00:36:02,440 a modular system about 10 megawatts, maybe more in a shipping container. 409 00:36:03,080 --> 00:36:07,720 Uh, I we might need to be more competitive than this because boom supersonic is 410 00:36:07,720 --> 00:36:12,000 saying 42 megawatts, although no one has ever demonstrated that within a factor 411 00:36:12,200 --> 00:36:18,660 within an order of magnitude. we but um those could just be stacked up at the 412 00:36:18,660 --> 00:36:23,240 larger scale where you're doing kind of a monolithic thing like the super heavy 413 00:36:23,240 --> 00:36:32,260 going into a salt bowl surrounded by a tower of uh like an giant cathedral tower 414 00:36:32,260 --> 00:36:39,040 of uh silicon cells where they're designed to handle not just one sun of intensity 415 00:36:39,200 --> 00:36:44,960 but maybe up to 20 suns of intensity. Um, it's like pretty big skyscraper type 416 00:36:44,960 --> 00:36:54,140 thing, but a single installation could equal the amount of electricity uh capacity 417 00:36:54,140 --> 00:36:57,980 added to to the electrical grid in the United States in in one installation. 418 00:36:57,980 --> 00:37:00,780 So, but it, you know, it's still a mega structure. 419 00:37:00,780 --> 00:37:05,960 It's like hundreds of meters tall, like been very large and very bright. 420 00:37:06,500 --> 00:37:09,260 Um, but you know, it's not like we haven't built those. 421 00:37:09,360 --> 00:37:14,700 I mean, literally the Starship Super Heavy 330 gawatt of fuel rate. 422 00:37:14,700 --> 00:37:18,860 And so we could probably convert, you know, a third of that up to a half 423 00:37:19,020 --> 00:37:32,120 that. Well, because it's so super linear, you Yeah, I mean, you can you can you 424 00:37:32,120 --> 00:37:36,780 can see it. Oh. Uh, what uh what temperature is necessary to see the night yellow 425 00:37:36,780 --> 00:37:41,380 light? So you can see it if you've got salt around on just like any open 426 00:37:41,380 --> 00:37:43,260 flame like natural gas flame or whatever. 427 00:37:43,300 --> 00:37:47,820 You can already see it. Um I've seen but it's super linear. 428 00:37:48,280 --> 00:37:50,780 It's like really really really to a high degree. 429 00:37:51,000 --> 00:37:55,640 Uh and so as you increase the temperatures so so for us the design point is 430 00:37:55,640 --> 00:38:00,340 you want the the flame plasma to be at least at the boiling temperature of salt 431 00:38:00,520 --> 00:38:07,480 which is 1400° C. And then I ideally you actually drive it so that the the 432 00:38:07,580 --> 00:38:10,880 the chemical reaction is held near 3,000° C. 433 00:38:11,100 --> 00:38:16,020 Uh yeah. Um with preheated air or oxygen and fuel. 434 00:38:16,680 --> 00:38:27,420 Yes. It's a good question. Um we should talk after uh there are a lot of 435 00:38:27,420 --> 00:38:30,140 things that you definitely want in a nuclear reactor. 436 00:38:30,460 --> 00:38:36,560 One is passive stability. So um not liquid but actually super critical. 437 00:38:36,840 --> 00:38:43,520 So if you have a moderator that is dutyium oxide and sodium chloride and super 438 00:38:43,520 --> 00:38:52,900 critical that works great. Uh we can talk about when you scale up uh IPS hall 439 00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:58,920 it will bench all the so does much bigger column or you more and more yeah 440 00:38:59,080 --> 00:39:04,080 I mean at some point it's it's the practical fabrication limit that's the that's 441 00:39:04,080 --> 00:39:08,180 the limit at the time. Uh one scale I like to think about is you know 442 00:39:08,260 --> 00:39:11,560 those backyard we've got I think there's a bunch of backyard heaters with a quartz 443 00:39:11,560 --> 00:39:14,060 tube. Those quartz tubes are mass-produced. 444 00:39:14,540 --> 00:39:15,900 They're so cheap. They're like 40 bucks. 445 00:39:15,900 --> 00:39:20,520 One of those things could probably handle about 100 kilowatts. 446 00:39:20,520 --> 00:39:25,320 So that is sort of the modular scale size where if you have a hundred of 447 00:39:25,320 --> 00:39:32,080 those, you know, 10 x 10 in a shipping container, that's 10 megawatts and that's uh 448 00:39:33,140 --> 00:39:38,900 pretty interesting. Um as you get larger and larger, you have to start doing 449 00:39:38,900 --> 00:39:43,080 construction that is tile based. This is the same thing with uh fusion reactors. 450 00:39:44,560 --> 00:39:46,220 See, you have to do something different. 451 00:39:46,420 --> 00:39:50,580 And instead of using a glass containment, you'll actually use the air itself. 452 00:39:51,660 --> 00:40:01,780 If you have um I mean you you you instead of having the wall be right 453 00:40:01,780 --> 00:40:06,900 up against this extremely high temperature thing, we have like a swirling column of 454 00:40:06,900 --> 00:40:11,120 air in inside the inside the tube. And that keeps it off of of the wall 455 00:40:11,120 --> 00:40:12,860 because it's it's heavier because it's colder. 456 00:40:13,380 --> 00:40:17,020 Um, so but you still need to get the energy out somehow. 457 00:40:17,020 --> 00:40:22,320 So there's there's there's got to be um so we're probably it's probably not ideal 458 00:40:22,320 --> 00:40:24,780 to do an an open system. You probably want a cavity. 459 00:40:24,780 --> 00:40:30,680 And we've experimented with basically quartz, which is great, but eventually gets 460 00:40:30,680 --> 00:40:36,760 corroded by the salt. Um sapphire, which is great, but but it can crack and you're 461 00:40:36,760 --> 00:40:44,220 terrified about it because it can build up strength uh stress and um amorphous 462 00:40:44,220 --> 00:40:51,020 aluminina which is which is pressed together in something called uh hipping uh uh 463 00:40:51,300 --> 00:40:56,080 which makes all the grains stick together and it makes it translucent but we don't 464 00:40:56,080 --> 00:40:58,540 use that as much for experiment because we can't see through the thing. 465 00:40:58,540 --> 00:41:03,040 So but that's what everybody uses for high pressure sodium lamps which have like 466 00:41:03,040 --> 00:41:07,100 75% radiative efficiency although not all of it is in light that you can see. 467 00:41:07,220 --> 00:41:14,380 Oh. Uh, looks like we're we got room for one more question. 468 00:41:14,620 --> 00:41:17,240 Uh, I think you you were going to ask something. 469 00:41:17,240 --> 00:41:34,300 No, nobody else. All right. Yes. Haha. Uh, you need you need special juice. 470 00:41:34,840 --> 00:41:41,460 Um, one thing is that we kind of call it, you know, fundraising by stunts. 471 00:41:41,600 --> 00:41:46,060 You know, we do all these kind of engineering things and we whatever scientific 472 00:41:46,060 --> 00:41:50,120 information we can gather, but also we try to show as many people as possible with 473 00:41:50,120 --> 00:41:54,180 their own eyes. I didn't bring it this this year, but last year we had a 474 00:41:54,180 --> 00:41:57,800 big uh light cell um operating in one of the gardens. 475 00:41:57,800 --> 00:42:01,680 It lit up the whole thing. Um, so that's one thing. 476 00:42:01,680 --> 00:42:06,260 I I had previously raised a bunch of money for my previous company, Light Sale 477 00:42:06,260 --> 00:42:08,400 Energy, which was compressed air energy storage. 478 00:42:09,140 --> 00:42:12,420 And so I had some reputation from that. So that made it easier. 479 00:42:12,860 --> 00:42:16,120 It didn't make it easy. And uh and we're still fundraising. 480 00:42:16,400 --> 00:42:21,880 So, you know, um it would probably be easier if I used all the AI stuff 481 00:42:21,880 --> 00:42:24,180 that I'm doing and be like, we're we're just an AI company. 482 00:42:24,180 --> 00:42:30,680 However, I insist that since it's energy to AI and this is the relevant durable 483 00:42:30,680 --> 00:42:37,320 constraint and that we're using the AI to understand you how to actually enact our 484 00:42:37,320 --> 00:42:41,960 our company h how how to build everything and it's a huge intuition pump for like 485 00:42:41,960 --> 00:42:47,200 pushing the AI to the limits and we're sitting in San Francisco that these things 486 00:42:47,200 --> 00:43:00,760 reinforce each other. Uh, and so that's how we keep raising money.